By

Asst. Prof Arvind Gajakosh

 TECHNOLOGY – COMPUTERS
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
 COMPUTERS ARE MACHINES THAT PERFORM TASKS OR
CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS OR
PROGRAMS.

ABACUS
 THE FIRST COMPUTER ON THE EARTH WAS THE ABACUS,
INVENTED ABOUT 3,000YRS AGO IN JAPAN AND IS STILL IN
USE TODAY.
 IT ALLOWS USERS TO MAKE COMPUTATIONS USING A SYSTEM
OF SLIDING BEADS ARRANGED ON RACK.
 IN 1640, PASCAL STARTED DEVELOPING A DEVICE TO HELP
HIS FATHER ADD SUMS OF MONEY.
 IN 1642, BLAISE PASCAL INVENTED A NUMERICAL WHEEL
CALCULATOR CALLED PASCALINE.
 THIS DEVICE COULD ONLY ADD & SUBTRACT.
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE CONCEIVD IN 1822 BY THE BRITISH
MATHEMATICIAN AND INVENTOR CHARLES BABBAGE.
 THIS DEVICE CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A COMPUTER.

 DIFFERENCE ENGINE WAS A MASSIVE STEAM-POWERED

MECHANICAL CALCULATOR DESIGNED TO PRINT
ASTRONOMICAL (VERY LARGE) TABLES.

 HE DEVELOPED A PROTOTYPE OF COMPUTER WHICH WAS

100YRS AHEAD OF TIME & IS, THEREFORE, CONSIDERED AS
FATHER OF MODERN DAY COMPUTER.
 IN 1889 AN AMERICAN INVENTOR, HERMAN HOLLERITH
DEVELOPED THE TABULATING MACHINE TO PROCESSS THE U.S.
CENSUS DATA.
 VANNEVAR BUSH DEVELOPED A CALCULATOR FOR SOLVING
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN 1931.

 THE FIRST MODERN COMPUTERS WERE BUILT FOR MILITARY

PURPOSES DURING WORLD WAR II.
 TODAY COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR WIDE RANGE APPLICATIONS,
INCLUDING PERSONAL USE, REAL TIME SYSTEMS (PATIENT
CARE, FACTORIES, MISSILES).
 “ A DEVICE CAPABLE OF SOLVING PROBLEMS BY ACCEPTING
DATA, PERFORMING DESCRIBED OPERATIONS ON THE DATA &
SUPPLING THE RESULTS OF THESE OPERATIONS.”

 IT GETS THE DATA THROUGH AN INPUT DEVICE, PROCESSES

IT AS PER THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN & GIVES THE
INFORMATION AS OUTPUT.

 DATA CAN BE OF ANY TYPE TEXT, NUMERIC, ALPHA-

NUMERIC, IMAGE, PICTURE, SOUND ETC.
 A COMPUTER IS A SYSTEM OF MANY PARTS WORKING
TOGETHER &
 IT IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH PROCESSESS
INFORMATION, BASED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN TO
GENERATE THE DESIRED OUTPUT.
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS SOFTWARE THAT MANAGES YOUR
COMPUTER AND DEVICES CONNECTED TO IT.

DATA
Processing OUTPUT
INPUT Data
PROGRAMS
 Earliest computers were in big size, consumed lot of power
& heated up quickly, due to which it had to be shut down.
 The evolution of modern computer is divided in different
generations as below.
 First Generation (1940-1956)
 Second Generation (1956-1963)
 Third Generation (1964-1971)
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
 Fifth Generation (From Present to Future)
 Computers was characterized by vacuum tubes in the
circuitry & magnetic drums for memory.
 Features
 Enormous in size
 Great deal of electricity
 Expensive to operate
 Limited storage capacity
 Relied on Machine language (Binary coded program)
 Punched cards & paper tapes used as input (i/p) data
 Output (o/p) was displayed on printouts.
 EX: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
 In the early 1950s, the discoveries of Transistor & Magnetic
core memory changed the image of computers from
unreliable to highly reliable machines with increased
capability, & higher storage capacity.
 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tubes
allowing computers to become smaller in size, cheaper,
reliable and more energy efficient.
 Relied on Assembly language (symbolic instruction)
 High level language like COBOL (Common Biz Oriented
Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translation) were being
developed at this time.
 The development of Integrated Circuit (IC) in 1958 by Jack
Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments was the hallmark
of the third generation of computers.
 Punched cards & printouts were replaced by keyboards &
monitors.
 For the first time, computers were being widely used in
business for areas like accounting, payroll, billing,
inventory control etc.
 New revolution in computer hardware came about which
could shrink the computer logic circuitry & its components
using the Large Scale Integration (LSI) technology.
 In LSI hundreds of components could now fit onto a single
chip.
 In Very LSI thousands of components onto a single chip.
 In Ultra LSI millions of components onto a single chip.
 The first memory chip was constructed in 1970 & could
hold 256 bits.
 The fifth generation of computers characterized
by artificial intelligence is in the process of
development.
 Using recent engineering advances, computers
are able to accept spoken word instructions &
imitate human reasoning.
 Voice recognition, natural language processing,
translate a foreign language etc.
 Speed
computers work at an incredible speed.
A powerful computer is capable of performing about 4-5
million simple instructions per second.
 Accuracy
Error free processing the instructions.
 Memory
Computers can store volumes of data & can never be
forgotten.
 Diligence
Free from monotony(boring), tiredness, lack of attention
etc.
 Versatility
A computer can perform several & varied
functions at the same time.
 Reliability
computers are capable of storing data that can
be retrieved reliably.
 Programmed machine
It can perform only those functions for which it
is programmed.
 Super computers
The largest computers are supercomputers.
Most powerful, most expensive, & the fastest.
Capable of processing trillions of instructions per
second.
ex: PARAM, CRAY XMP, CRAY2, NEC SX-3
Users: National Weather Service, Defense.

 Mainframes
large computers are called Mainframes.
millions of instructions per second.
Banks, Insurance Companies, Airport etc.
 Microcomputers
divided into Personal Computers & Workstations.

 Laptop Computers
called notebook computers.
are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin LCD screen.

 Handheld Computer
called Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
are used for scheduling appointments, storing addresses.
stylus or using finger you can touch the screen.

 Tablet PCs
combine features of laptops and handhelds.
tablet pen instead of stylus.
 Requires programs & Programmer
 Expensive
 Dumb machine
 Continuous monitoring & Upgradation
 Job layoff
 Non-portable
 Vulnerable (Forget password)
 Require backup
 Potential Dangers & Bad effects
 By
Asst. Prof Arvind Gajakosh
 Computer Hardware refers to the physical
computer machinery & its tangible components i.e.
those components which can be touched & seen.
 Computer hardware cannot perform any
manipulation or calculation without
programs/software.
 Computer software is nothing but collection of
programs or instructions which are required to
perform its operations.
 Types of software
 System software
 Application software
 System software (SS)
SS consists of programs that control the operations
of the computer system itself like managing memory,
managing peripherals, loading, storing etc.
eg. MS-DOS, UNIX, Windows Vista etc.

 Types of SS
 Operating system
 File Management/System Development Software
 Translators
 Utilities/Tools
 The OS is a group of system programmers that help
in the operation of a computer by telling the
computer how to interpret commands, process the
inputs & outputs and manage the data.
 An OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:
 To control the allocation & use of the computing
system’s resources among the various users & tasks
 To provide an interface between the computer HW
& the programmer for coding, debugging purposes.
 Also provide GUI (Graphic User Interfaces)
 Storage management functions
 Processor management functions
 Monitoring functions
 Service functions (Help?)
 Through the yrs, more than 200 languages have been
developed, some of which are quite specialized.
 BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code), COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, VB, Fortran.
 First generation – Machine Language (Binary)
 Second generation – Assembly language (instruction)
 Third generation – High Level language (readable)
 Fourth generation – Very HLL (English statement)
 The CPU cannot execute HLLs directly. Hence all
HLL languages must be converted into ML (Machine
Language). For this purpose translators can be
used.
 Translators are special system software which
executes & as part of its execution either compiles
or interprets HL programmes.
 Translators can be broadly categorized into two
types: 1) Compilers
2) Interpreters
 Compilers is a type of system SW which translate a
programme from HLL to ML.
 Source code (HLL) will get convert into Object
code (ML).
 Compilers do not translate & execute the
instructions at the same time.
 Ex: C++ compilers
 Instructions of a HLL are coded in many statements.
 Interpreter is set of programmes, which also is a
type of Sys-SW used to convert HLL into ML
statement by statement.
 An interpreter is different from compiler; the
difference is that an interpreter converts the source
code statement by statement into object code.
 The overall goal of computerizing an application is to
make it more efficient than manual system with
optimum utilization of time, money, & effort.
 SW tools assist the programmer/analyst in the design,
coding, editing, compiling, & debugging pgms.
 Utilities perform jobs such as troubleshooting HW,
inspecting diskettes for damage, file conversion,
defragmenting, data compression etc.
 Symantec’s Norton Utilities can retrieve data from
damaged disks.
 Norton antivirus.
 SW that is required for general & spl purpose
applications like DBM, word processing, a/c etc.
 The major categories of AS are:
 Spreadsheet (MS Excel)
 DBM (MS Access, Visual Foxpro)
 Word processing
 Pictures, Music, Movies, & Games.
 A program is a sequence of instructions that tells
the HW of computer what operations to perform
on data.
 Classification of Programming Languages
 Low level languages
i) Machine Language (binary code)
ii) Assembly Language (mnemonic code-assembler)
 High level languages
 Are English like words use in HLL ex: PRINT, LIST
 Instructions written in HLL called as statements.
 ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
 1957, developed by Association for Computing
Machinery.
 PASCAL
 1970s developed by Prof. Nicklaus W. from
Switzerland.
 Multipurpose language suitable for both scientific
& business application.
 It became an ANSI std (American National Std
Instn)
 FORTRAN
 Formula Translator was the first comprehensive HLL,
1957.
 Useful for scientific & engg computations.
 1977 became ANSI std.
 COBOL
 Common Business Oriented Language was developed
by US govt/industry in 1977.
 It is not easy to learn & it can not handle complex
mathematical computations as Fortran does.
 PL/I
 Programming Language/I was developed by IBM in
1965.
 It became ANSI std language in 1976.
C
 Developed at BELL lab in 1970s, is widely used in
developing systems programs, such as translators.
 Advantage: the programs written in C can be
shifted from one machine architecture to another
without much difficulty.
 This language is used to develop complex pgms
such as an OS & Application pgms.
 LOGO
 Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented for kids.
 4GL – SQL (Structured Query Language)
 END PLEASE…!