Intro to Arduino
Zero to Prototyping
in a Flash!
Material designed by Linz Craig, Nick Poole, Prashanta Aryal,
Theo Simpson, Tai Johnson, and Eli Santistevan
Overview of Class
Getting Started:
Installation, Applications and Materials
Electrical:
Components, Ohm's Law, Input and Output, Analog and Digital
-----------------------------
Programming:
Split into groups depending on experience
Serial Communication Basics:
Troubleshooting and Debugging
Virtual Prototyping:
Schematics and PCB Layout in Fritzing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino Board
“Strong Friend” Created in Ivrea, Italy
in 2005 by Massimo Banzi & David Cuartielles
Open Source Hardware
Processor
Coding is accessible & transferrable (C++, Processing, java)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino…
is the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists,
students, and anyone with a gadgetry
dream.
rose out of another formidable challenge:
how to teach students to create
electronics, fast.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/hands-on/the-making-of-arduino
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Getting Started
• SW Installation: Arduino (v.1.0+)
Fritzing
SIK Guide Code
Drivers (FTDI)
• Materials: SIK Guide
Analog I/O, Digital I/O, Serial,
& Fritzing handouts
Arduino CheatSheet
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
PWR IN USB
(to Computer)
RESET
SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus)
POWER
5V / 3.3V / GND
Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)
Analog
INPUTS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
PWR IN USB
(to Computer)
RESET
SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus)
POWER
5V / 3.3V / GND
Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)
Analog
INPUTS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Go ahead and plug your board in!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino Shields
PCB Built Shield Inserted Shield
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino Shields
Micro SD MP3 Trigger LCD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
SIK Components
Name Image Type Function Notes
Push Button Digital Input Switch - Closes Polarized, needs
or opens circuit resistor
Trim Analog Input Variable resistor Also called a
Trimpot.
potentiometer
Photoresistor Analog Input Light Dependent Resistance varies
Resistor (LDR) with light.
Relay Digital Output Switch driven by Used to control
a small signal larger voltages
Temp Sensor Analog Input Temp Dependent
Resistor
Flex Sensor Analog Input Variable resistor
Soft Trimpot Analog Input Variable resistor Careful of shorts
RGB LED Dig & Analog 16,777,216 Ooh... So pretty.
Output different colors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
SIK Components
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
SIK Components
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
SIK Components
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Electricity \ Electronics Basic Concept
Review
• Ohms Law
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
• Using a Multi-meter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Ohm’s Law
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Electrical Properties
Voltage Current Resistance
V I R
• Defined as • The rate of
the amount charge flow
of potential in a circuit.
energy in a • Units: Amperes
circuit. (A)
• Units: Volts (V)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Current Flow Analogy
High Current Low Current
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Voltage Analogy
Water
Tower
Water
Tower
V
V
More Energy == Higher Voltage Less Energy == Lower Voltage
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Resistance Analogy
Water Water
Tower Tower
Big Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher Resistance
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Continuity – Is it a Circuit?
The word “circuit” is derived from the circle. An
Electrical Circuit must have a continuous LOOP from
Power (Vcc) to Ground (GND).
Continuity is important to make portions of circuits are
connect. Continuity is the simplest and possibly the
most important setting on your multi-meter.
Sometimes we call this “ringing out” a circuit.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Measuring Electricity – Voltage
Voltage is a measure of potential electrical
energy. A voltage is also called a potential
difference – it is measured between two
points in a circuit – across a device.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Measuring Electricity -- Current
Current is the measure of the rate of charge flow. For
Electrical Engineers – we consider this to be the
movement of electrons.
In order to measure this – you must break the circuit or
insert the meter in-line (series).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Measuring Electricity -- Resistance
Resistance is the measure of how much opposition to
current flow is in a circuit.
Components should be removed entirely from the circuit
to measure resistance. Note the settings on the multi-
meter. Make sure that you are set for the appropriate
range.
Resistance
settings
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Prototyping Circuits
Solderless Breadboard
One of the most useful tools in an engineer or
Maker’s toolkit. The three most important
things:
• A breadboard is easier than soldering
• A lot of those little holes are connected, which ones?
• Sometimes breadboards break
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
What’s a Breadboard?
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Solderless Breadboard
Each row (horiz.) of 5
holes are connected.
Vertical columns –
called power bus are
connected vertically
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Using the Breadboard to built a simple
circuit
Use the breadboard to
wire up a single LED
with a 330 Ohm
Resistor (Orange-
Orange-Brown).
Note: the longer leg on the
LED is the positive leg and
the shorter leg is the
negative
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Fritzing View of Breadboard Circuit
What happens
when you break
the circuit?
What if you
wanted to add
more than one
LED?
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Adding control – let’s use the Arduino
and start programming!!!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT
Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board).
Inputs is a signal / information Output is any signal exiting the
going into the board. board.
Almost all systems that use physical computing will have
some form of output
What are some examples of Outputs?
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT
Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board).
Inputs is a signal / information Output is any signal exiting the
going into the board. board.
Examples: Buttons Switches, Examples: LEDs, DC motor,
Light Sensors, Flex Sensors, servo motor, a piezo buzzer,
Humidity Sensors, Temperature relay, an RGB LED
Sensors…
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Concepts: Analog vs. Digital
Microcontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF.
Also called – discrete.
analog signals are anything that can be a full
range of values. What are some examples? More
on this later…
5V 5V
0V 0V
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Open up Arduino
Hints:
For PC Users For Mac Users
1.Let the installer copy 1. Move the Arduino
and move the files to the executable to the dock
appropriate locations, or for ease of access.
2.Create a folder under 2. Resist the temptation
C:\Program Files (x86) to run these from your
called Arduino. Move the desktop.
entire Arduino program
folder here.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Two required functions /
methods / routines:
void setup()
{
// runs once
}
void loop()
{
// repeats
error & status messages }
Settings: Tools Serial Port
Your computer
communicates to the Arduino
microcontroller via a serial
port through a USB-Serial
adapter.
Check to make sure that the
drivers are properly installed.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Settings: Tools Board
Next, double-check that the proper board is selected under the
ToolsBoard menu.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Arduino & Arduino Compatible Boards
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
digitalWrite()
BIG 6 CONCEPTS
analogWrite()
digitalRead()
if() statements / Boolean
analogRead()
Serial communication
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Let’s get to coding…
Project #1 – Blink
“Hello World” of Physical Computing
Psuedo-code – how should this work?
Turn
Turn Rinse &
Wait LED Wait
LED ON Repeat
OFF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Comments, Comments, Comments
Comments are for you – the programmer and your
friends…or anyone else human that might read your
code.
// this is for single line comments
// it’s good to put a description at the
top and before anything ‘tricky’
/* this is for multi-line comments
Like this…
And this….
*/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Three commands to know…
pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);
ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);
ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(time_ms);
ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec.
// NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project #1: Wiring Diagram
Move the green
wire from the
power bus to pin
13 (or any other
Digital I/O pin on
the Arduino board.
Image created in Fritzing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
A few simple challenges
Let’s make LED#13 blink!
Challenge 1a – blink with a 200 ms second
interval.
Challenge 1b – blink to mimic a heartbeat
Challenge 1c – find the fastest blink that the
human eye can still detect…
1 ms delay? 2 ms delay? 3 ms delay???
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Try adding other LEDs
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Programming Concepts: Variables
Variable Scope
Global
---
Function-level
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Programming Concepts: Variable Types
Variable Types:
8 bits 16 bits 32 bits
byte int long
char unsigned int unsigned long
float
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Fading in and Fading Out
(Analog or Digital?)
A few pins on the Arduino allow for us to
modify the output to mimic an analog
signal.
This is done by a technique called:
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Concepts: Analog vs. Digital
To create an analog signal, the microcontroller
uses a technique called PWM. By varying the duty
cycle, we can mimic an “average” analog voltage.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project #2 – Fading
Introducing a new command…
analogWrite(pin, val);
pin – refers to the OUTPUT pin
(limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11.)
– denoted by a ~ symbol
val – 8 bit value (0 – 255).
0 => 0V | 255 => 5V
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Move one of your LED pins over to Pin 9
In Arduino, open up:
File Examples 01.Basics Fade
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Fade - Code Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Fade - Code Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project# 2 -- Fading
Challenge 2a – Change the rate of the
fading in and out. There are at least two
different ways to do this – can you figure
them out?
Challenge 2b – Use 2 (or more) LEDs – so
that one fades in as the other one fades
out.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
R G B
Color Mixing
Tri-color LED
In the SIK, this is a standard –
Common Cathode LED
This means the negative side of
the LED is all tied to Ground.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project 3 – RGB LED
Note: The longest
leg of the RGB
LED is the
Common
Cathode. This
goes to GND.
Use pins 5, 6, & 9
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
How many unique colors can you create?
Use Colorpicker.com or
experiment on your
own.
Pick out a few colors that
you want to try re-
creating for a lamp or
lighting display...
Play around with this with
the analogWrite()
command.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
RGB LED Color Mixing
int redPin = 5;
int greenPin = 6;
int bluePin = 9;
void setup()
{
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
RGB LED Color Mixing
void loop()
{
analogWrite(redPin, 255);
analogWrite (greenPin, 255);
analogWrite (bluePin, 255);
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project: Mood Lamp / Light Sculpture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Napkin
Schematics
Emphasize the
engineering design
process with
students. We like to
skirt the line
between formal and
informal with a tool
called Napkin
Schematics.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Napkin
Schematics
Emphasize the
engineering design
process with
students. We like to
skirt the line
between formal and
informal with a tool
called Napkin
Schematics.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Driving Motors or other High Current
Loads
NPN Transistor (Common Emitter “Amplifier” Circuit)
to Digital
Pin 9
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Input
Input is any signal entering an electrical system.
• Both digital and analog sensors are forms of input
• Input can also take many other forms: Keyboards, a
mouse, infrared sensors, biometric sensors, or just
plain voltage from a circuit
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Project #4 – Digital Input
In Arduino, open up:
File Examples 02.Digital Button
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)
Pull-up Resistor (circuit)
to Digital Pin 2
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)
Add an indicator LED to Pin 13
This is just like our
1st circuit!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Digital Input
• Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 – 13
(Although pins # 0 & 1 are also used for programming)
• Digital Input needs a pinMode command:
pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT);
Make sure to use ALL CAPS for INPUT
• To get a digital reading:
int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber);
• Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Digital Sensors
• Digital sensors are more straight forward than Analog
• No matter what the sensor there are only two
settings: On and Off
• Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)
• Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V on
your Uno
• Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
http://opensourcehardwarejunkies.com/tutorial-03-digitalread-and-
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Programming: Conditional Statements
if()
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Programming: Conditional Statements
if()
void loop()
{
int buttonState = digitalRead(5);
if(buttonState == LOW)
{ // do something DIG
INPUT
}
else
{ // do something else
}
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Boolean Operators
<Boolean> Description
( ) == ( ) is equal?
( ) != ( ) is not equal?
( ) > ( ) greater than
( ) >= ( ) greater than or equal
( ) < ( ) less than
( ) <= ( ) less than or equal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Trimpot (Potentiometer)
Variable Resistor
fixed
end
wiper
fixed
end
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Analog Sensors
3 Pin Potentiometer = var. resistor (circuit)
a.k.a. Voltage Divider Circuit
wiper
fixed
ends 1.0 V 1.0 V
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Ohms Law… (just the basics)
Actually, this is the “voltage divider”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
analogRead()
Arduino uses a 10-bit A/D Converter:
• this means that you get input values from
0 to 1023
• 0V0
• 5 V 1023
Ex:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Using Serial Communication
Method used to transfer data between two devices.
Data passes between the computer and Arduino
through the USB cable. Data is transmitted as zeros
(‘0’) and ones (‘1’) sequentially.
Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 to
receiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to transmit.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Serial Monitor & analogRead()
Initializes the Serial
Communication
9600 baud data rate
prints data to serial bus
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Serial Monitor & analogRead()
Opens up a
Serial Terminal
Window
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Analog Sensors
2 Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistor
Take two sensors -- Use
the Serial Monitor and find
the range of input values
you get for each sensor.
MaxAnalogRead = _________
MinAnalogRead = _________
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Analog Sensors
Examples:
Sensors Variables
Mic soundVolume
Photoresistor lightLevel
Potentiometer dialPosition
Temp Sensor temperature
Flex Sensor bend
Accelerometer tilt/acceleration
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Additional Serial Communication
Sending a Message
void loop ( )
{
Serial.print(“Hands on “) ;
Serial.print(“Learning ”) ;
Serial.println(“is Fun!!!”) ;
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Serial Communication:
Serial Debugging
void loop()
{
int xVar = 10;
Serial.print ( “Variable xVar is “ ) ;
Serial.println ( xVar ) ;
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Serial Communication:
Serial Troubleshooting
void loop ( )
{
Serial.print (“Digital pin 9: “);
Serial.println (digitalRead(9));
}
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Virtual Electrical Prototyping Project
started in 2007 by the Interaction Design Lab
at the University of Applied Science Potsdam, Germany
Open Source
Prototypes: Document, Share, Teach, Manufacture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Now that you feel comfortable putting together
circuits with your breadboard let’s talk about how
to go from the breadboard to a PCB
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Free Time
The rest of the class is dedicated to free pursuit
Experiment with the various circuits and lessons in
the SIK.
Explore the additional tutorials available on
learn.sparkfun.com
Thank you for attending our Intro to Arduino class
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
Questions?
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
www.sparkfun.com
6175 Longbow Drive, Suite 200
Boulder, Colorado 80301
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
