Personality

In Career Development
Tom Krieshok
PRE 846 Career Development
 Personality Assessment
 When used in career counseling,
personality assessment typically focuses
on “normal” personality traits, rather than
maladaptive or pathological traits.
 Interests vs. Personality

 Interests: What will I DO?

 Personality:
– How do I do what I do?
– How do others experience me?
 Kluckhorn and Murray’s
1950 model of personality

 Universal (We are all alike in some ways)

 Group (Everyone in my group is alike in

some ways--but different from non-group)

 Individual (We are each unique in some ways)

 Individuality is born in the eccentricities and
unexpected shadow tendencies of the soul,
more so than in normality and conformity. One
who cares for the soul becomes someone at
ease with idiosyncrasies and the unexpected.

– Thomas Moore (Care of the Soul)

 Big 5 Personality Dimensions

 Openness to Experience

 Conscientiousness

 Extraversion

 Agreeableness

 Neuroticism
 Which traits predict
job performance?
 Conscientious => in R and C
– Not in I, A, or S

 Interpersonal skills are icing on the cake

 MBTI History

 Developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her

mother, Katharine Briggs

 Based on Jung’s (1923) theory of psychological

types

 Differences in behavior are not random

– due to consistent differences in perception & judgment
 Preference-NOT Skill
 Write your name on a piece of paper.
 Now write it again with your other hand.

 MBTI is about preferences, not about

concrete, specific types of personality.

 People have preferences for the various

types, but they have ability in all the
types.
 Flexibility and Personality
What does it mean to say I am Extroverted?
– In general, I look more extroverted than
someone who tests as Introverted

We all assume myriad faces throughout the

day

- Problem arises when we lose the ability to

flexibly adapt to the environment.
 A COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECITIVE
 At issue is not whether we attend to normal or
abnormal, or that we focus on strengths or
weaknesses, but that we tell the human story
from a hopeful and instrumental perspective:
even our inevitable failings can be accepted –
integrated – managed – lived. We (counselors
and counseling psychologists) present a
perspective that allows – even demands – soul.
Remember…
 The MBTI does not measure skill,
ability, intelligence or
psychopathology!!!!!

 You self-validate your type, nobody

else can validate your type.

 Using your non-preferred type is

difficult, not impossible.

 Developing non-preferred
characteristics may be a valuable
lifetime goal.
Type Guidelines
 No type is better than another, just different
 Everyone uses all type preferences at times
 One preference is favored on each scale
 Scores indicate clarity/consistency of choice,
not strength
 Psychological type can explain some human
behavior—not all
 Type should never be used as an excuse for
behavior
Type Preferences
 Preference Dichotomies

Extraversion ENERGY Introversion

Sensing INFORMATION INtuition

Thinking DECISIONS Feeling

Judging LIFESTYLE Perceiving

 Sensing-Intuition
 How do you acquire information?

 How do you attend to the world around you?

 Sensing
 Immediate experience, present moment
– which leads to enjoyment of the present
moment, realism, acute observation, memory
for detail, practicality.
– Work with what is “given” in a situation. Pays
attention to those things which can be seen,
heard, or touched.

 Prefers to think in concrete, realistic ways

rather than philosophically.
 Intuition
 Possibilities, meanings, relationships
(unconscious perception)
– which leads to imagination, theoretical and future
orientation, creativity, abstractness.
– Big picture, grasps patterns.
– Pays attention to the meanings behind things, rather
than the things themselves.
 Prefers to think about things in philosophical or
poetic ways, rather than in concrete or realistic
ways.
 Scenario
 You are the director of an HR department. The
company is struggling and you must lay off 15%
of your workforce.

 How do you decide who stays and who goes?

 Thinking-Feeling
 How do you make decisions?

 It’s not about the outcome of the decision.

 It’s about the process you go through to

make the decision and what you consider
when making it.
 Thinking
 Links ideas logically

 Impersonal cause-effect leads to

– objectivity, attention to justice and fairness,
– seeks order through logic.
– Weighs the evidence, even the unpleasant truth.

 Preference for decisions based on clear cut

principals, without regard for how the decisions
will affect others.
– Puts an emphasis on fairness, justice, and logic.
 Feeling
 Weighs relative values and merits-
– more subjectively attuned to others’ values, group values,
human aspects of problems,
– leads to need for affiliation, desire for harmony, and warmth,
– seeks order according to harmony among subjective values.
– Looks at what is important to people involved, decides based on
how much investment you have in each alternative- leading to
tact and empathy.

 Prefers decisions based on values

– paying attention to how people will be affected by decisions.
– Puts an emphasis on feelings, on relationships, and on getting
along with others.
 Thinking - Feeling
Feeling: I like Thinking:
him. He’ll fit I’m impressed
in great with with his
the team. credentials.
 Question
 Think about the last time you left on a
vacation that extended over a few days.

 When did you start packing?

 How did you pack?

 Judging-Perceiving

 How do you orient toward the outer world?

 Judging
 Business before pleasure; organize events

 Wants to get things settled

 Prefers to get things done and

accomplished, to stay organized, and to
finish one project before starting on the
next one
 Perceiving
 Experience and adapt to events in life.
 Flexible, spontaneous.
 Understand life rather than control it.
 Adapt to the moment.
 Prefers to have several projects going at
the same time.
– Finds it easy to leave one project to start on
another one, and isn’t necessarily bothered if
the first project never gets finished.
 Extroversion-Introversion

 From where do you get your energy?

 Where do you prefer to focus your

attention?

 What’s Energizing
 Extroversion
 Attention flows out to objects and people in the
environment,
– desires to act on the environment, affirm its
importance;
– awareness and reliance on environment for
stimulation and guidance;
– action oriented, impulsive, frank, sociable.
– Energized by what goes on in the outer world.
 Preference for people and things.
– Likes being with people and working on things, even
more than thinking about them or studying them.
– Appears outgoing and socially at ease.
 Introversion
 Energy drawn from environment and consolidated within
inner world of ideas and concepts, reliance on enduring
concepts (not environmental events)
– thoughtful contemplative detachment,
– enjoyment of solitude and privacy.

 Preference for ideas and concepts.

– Likes thinking about things, even more than doing them.
– May appear to be shy or sometimes withdrawn.
 Validate Your Type

Your Self-selected Your Preferences

Preferences Identified on Myers
Briggs Type Indicator

E---------------------------I E---------------------------I
S--------------------------N S--------------------------N
T--------------------------F T--------------------------F
J--------------------------P J--------------------------P
20% 7 7%
%

13% 7% 7%

13% 7 7 7
% % %

7
%
 We think that by working in our everyday,
busy mind and polishing the personality and
letting its best aspects express themselves, we
can make ourselves perfect. But even
enlightenment does not perfect the personality
- only the point of view.

Stephen Levine (Handbook for the Soul)

 Function Combinations
 Various combinations of the Sensing-
Intuition scale and the Thinking-Feeling
scale have more specialized type
preferences:
 ST SF NF NT

 ATTEND TO Facts Facts Possibilities Possibilities

 WITH Impersonal Personal Personal Impersonal

analysis warmth warmth analysis

 TO BECOME Practical Sympathetic Enthusiastic Logical

Matter of fact Friendly Insightful Ingenious

 FOCUS ON Technical Practical Understanding Theoretical &

skills with help/people communicating technical
facts/objects services with people development

 GO INTO Applied sci. Patient care Beh. research Physical sciences

Business Teaching Literature/Art Management
Construction Sales Teaching Forecasting

 LET’S BE accurate & practical & insightful & theoretical &

responsible service- inspiring entrepreneurial
oriented
 Quadrant Combinations
 IS– Thoughtful Realist

 ES– Action-oriented Realist

 IN– Thoughtful Innovator

 EN– Action-oriented innovator

 Temperament Combinations
 SJ– Guardians– concrete coms, cooperative in achieving
goals, good maintainers, consistent, persevering, unimpulsive

 SP– Artisans— concrete coms, utilitarian in achieving goals,

sensation seeking, trusting in spontaneity and hungering for impact
on others.

 NF– Idealists– abstract coms, cooperative in achieving

goals, strive for consensus, encourage imagination,
strive for continual self-renewal

 NT– Rationals– abstract coms, utilitarian in achieving

goals, strong in strategic analysis, knowledge seeking.
 The Shadow Self
 The discipline comes in when we have to pay
attention to what we don't like, aren't interested
in, don't understand, mistrust...when we have
to read the poetry of our enemies-within or
without. M. C. Richards
 Sonya
Sonya works as an editor for a publishing
company. She enjoys some aspects of her work
but has difficulties with some others.
On the MBTI she is coded ENFP.
How is knowing this information helpful in looking
at Sonya?
What might she enjoy and with what might she
struggle?
Are there ways to modify her work to play to her
strengths/preferences?
Discussion
1. How could someone effectively teach you
something or instruct you about something?
2. For what do you most want to be
appreciated/recognized? How do you want
this appreciation/recognition shown?
3. When someone wants you to change your
behavior/ideas, how should they approach
you so that you are likely to respond
positively to the request? What behaviors on
the other person’s part would most likely get
a negative response from you?
4. In what ways do other people communicate
that really bugs you?
 Ted and Marsha
Ted and Marsha have been married for two years
when they decide to take advantage of a career
counseling service in their area. Both take the
MBTI.
Ted receives a code of INFJ while Marsha receives
a code of ENTP.
How might their different styles affect their
relationship?
What things might they have in common?
What struggles might they face?
 The goal of understanding one's personality
(and maybe of spiritual growth as well) is to
move from being tormented by one's stuff, to
being amused by it.
 If we can get it to the point where it is less
serious, less personal, less scary, then we can
begin to integrate it more fully as the powerful
but neutral life force that it truly is, neither all
good nor all bad, neither devil nor god.
T. Krieshok
 MBTI-Related Websites
 http://www.personalitytype.com
 This is the homepage of the "Do What You Are" people, Paul Tieger and
Barbara Barron- Tieger. It is intended for both the lay public and
professionals and has a listing of additional resources - books, articles,
websites, and workshops.

 http://www.capt.org
 Center for Applications of Psychological Type "A non-profit organization
concerned with the constructive use of differences." This is the
organization that provides the norms for the MBTIｮ, thus it's kind of a
clearinghouse for scoring and training. The site itself is fairly commercial,
but it is still of some interest. CAPT was founded by Dr. Mary McCaulley
and Isabel Briggs Myers (who died in 1980) in 1975.
 MBTI-Related Websites
 http://www.aptcentral.org
 Association for Psychological Type - also a
commercial site (you can pay and become a member),
but it does have some good information.

 http://typelogic.com
 This is a fun site. It does a nice job of analyzing the
16 types and even provides examples of well-known
people of each type.
 MBTI-Related Websites
 http://www.cpp-db.com
 Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. - Publishers of the MBTIｮ
 This is the only site where you can order the actual MBTIｮ (not a
knockoff). It also has a host of other assessments, as well as many books
and software packages about the various instruments.

 http://keirsey.com
 The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)ｮ is not online (due to copyright
reasons), but the most common knockoffs include the Keirsey
Temperament Sorter and the Keirsey Character Sorter. Both questionnaires
are online and even use the same language as the MBTIｮ (i.e. ENFP, ISFJ).
The site is actually really informative and has some great jumping off
points.