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Data Types

This document discusses data analysis, including the meaning of data, types of data, and the data analysis process. It describes the different types of data as primary, secondary, qualitative, quantitative, discrete, continuous, parametric, and non-parametric. Various levels of measurement are also outlined, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Finally, it briefly discusses cross-sectional, time series, and panel/pooled types of data.

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RajyaLakshmi
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407 views

Data Types

This document discusses data analysis, including the meaning of data, types of data, and the data analysis process. It describes the different types of data as primary, secondary, qualitative, quantitative, discrete, continuous, parametric, and non-parametric. Various levels of measurement are also outlined, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Finally, it briefly discusses cross-sectional, time series, and panel/pooled types of data.

Uploaded by

RajyaLakshmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Data Analysis

Outline of the Topic:

• Meaning of Data
• Types of data.
• Processing of Data
• Meaning of Data Analysis
• Types of Data Analysis
• Data Analysis Process.
What is meant by data?
• Generally, raw or organized numbers and words are called as data.

• Quantitative or qualitative values taken by the variables under consideration.

• Any representation of characteristics or quantities to which meaning may be assigned.

• Facts expressed in quantitative or qualitative form to which meaning may be assigned.

• Purpose of data:

Reality Data Information Knowledge


Types of Data
- Primary Data
- Secondary Data

• When the data used in a statistical study was collected under the control and supervision of
the supervision of the researcher, such type of data is called as primary data.

• When the data was not collected by the investigator , but is derived from other sources, such
data is referred to as secondary data.

• The difference between the primary and secondary data is a matter of degree.

• The user of secondary data should be extra cautious in using secondary data for analysis and
he should not accept it at it’s face value.

• Look for suitability, reliability and adequacy of secondary data.


Types of Data (cont.d)
1.Qualitative Data :
 Qualitative data is a categorical measurement expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means of
a natural language description.

 Qualitative data arise when the observations fall into separate distinct categories
2.Quantitative data
 Quantitative data is a numerical measurement expressed not by means of a natural language description,
but rather in terms of numbers.

 Quantitative or data arise when the observations are counts or measurements.

 Quantitative data are said to be discrete if the measurements are integers and continuous if the
measurements can take on any value, usually within some range.
Types of Data (cont.d)
Based on levels of measurement there are four types of data:
- Nominal scale data.
- Ordinal scale data.
- Interval scale data.
- Ratio scale data.

Nominal Scale data


• Nominal scale Labels or categorises the variable into classes where no order is implied
• Rule of measurement: categories should be mutually exclusive and collective
exhaustive but have no numerical meaning.
• Nominal scale data is also called as categorical data.
Ex: Gender, Age group, Marital Status, Social groups.
Ordinal Scale Data
 Ordinal data not only classifies but also introduces an order into the categories

 Here categories are placed in an order weakest to strongest, lowest to highest and smallest to biggest.

 It describe order, but not the relative size or degree of difference between the categories is measured.
ex: Likert’s Five Point Scale, Rating Scales
Interval Scale Data
 Interval scale introduces a metric – a regular and equal interval between each data point apart from
order and classification
 As there is an exact and same interval between each data point, interval scale data is also called as equal
interval scale
 How ever in interval scale there is no true Zero
Ex: Temperature is interval scaled, being measured in Fahrenheit, IQ scores.
 In practice Interval scales are rarely used.
 Most of the common statistical methods of analysis require only interval scales in order that they might
be used
Ratio Scale Data.
 It is the highest level of measurement.

 The ratio level of measurement has the properties of classification, order and an equal
interval metric, with the addition of a meaningful zero point.

 Because there is an absolute zero all the arithematic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division are possible with ratio scale data.

ex: Income, Sales, Profits, Length , Weight etc.

 All types of statistical procedures can be used for a variables measured at the ratio
level, as all necessary mathematical operations are defined.

Note: Nominal and ordinal data are considered as discrete and interval and ratio data
are considered as continuous.
Types of Data ( cont..d)
Parametric Data :
• Parametric data assumes that the characteristics of the population are known in order
to draw inferences about population using sample information.
• Generally Parametric data assumes the population follows normal distribution.
Non Parametric data:
• Nonparametric data does not make any assumption about the population as the
characteristics of the population are usually unknown.
• Non parametric data is modelled using binomial distribution.
Notes:
* Nominal and ordinal data is considered as non parametric where as interval and ratio
data is considered as parametric.
* It is not correct to apply parametric tests to non parametric data while non parametric
tests can be applied to parametric data
*Often non parametric data is derived from questionnaires and surveys and parametric
data is obtained from experiments and tests
Summary of Types of data

Data

Quantitative Qualitative

Discrete Continuous

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Non Parametric data Parametric data


Levels of Measuring Variables and the
Corresponding Data Analysis Methods
Level Of Permissible Testing of hypothesis Permissible graph
Measurement Arithmetic Permissible statistics
Operations
Nominal Counting Percentages, Chi-Square Test, Runs Bar, Pie diagram
Frequencies, test, Binomial test
Mode.
Ordinal Greater than or Median, Mode, Sign test, K-S test, Man- Bar, Pie diagram
less than Rank correlation witney test Leaf and Stem Plot
operations

Bar, Pie, Box Plot, and


Mean, Median, Mode, Histogram
Addition and
S.D, Correlation, All parametric tests
Interval subtraction of
Regression, Factor Ex: t – test, ANOVA
scale values
Analysis

Ratio Multiplication All summary statistics are All parametric tests Bar, Pie, Line, Stem and
and Division of permitted Leaf, Box –Plot,
scale values Histogram
Deciding the levels of Measurement of a Variable
Are there are more than two categories

Yes No Variable is Dichotomous

Can the categories be ranked

Yes No Variable is Nominal scale

Are the distance between the categories equal

Yes No Variable is Ordinal scale


Is there a meaningful Zero exists for categories ?

Ratio Scale Yes No Variable is Interval Scale


Types of data (cont..d)
 Cross Section Data.
 Time Series Data.
 Panel Data or Pooled Data.

Cross section data:


cross section data is the data collected on one or more variables at the same point in time.
Time series data:
Data collected on one or more variable over different periods of time.
Pooled data:
Pooled data is a combination of cross section and time series data.
Notes
• While doing regression analysis the above types of data should be taken into account.
• While establishing Causality, time series data is preferred over cross section data.

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