ENERGY CONVERSION

(Lecture Course)

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

 Objectives and Lesson Outline

• Recognize the physical laws governing the operation of an electric dynamo

• Understand the following physical laws
- Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
- Lenz’s Law
- Ampere’s Law
- Fleming’s hand rules
• Know how the above physical laws shaped the development of a simple electric dynamo

Our discussion for today

Faraday’s Law of Lenz’s Law Ampere’s Law Generator Fleming’s Left Fleming’s Right Conversion of DC Generator
Electromagnetic Principle Hand Rule Hand Rule AC to DC Output
Induction Waveform

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

 Inducing Voltage and Currents

Consider that the following conditions are

present

• Presence of magnetic lines of force

(magnetic field) coming from a natural
magnet or an electromagnet
• Conductor traversing through the magnetic
field

Voltage and Current can be induced to

the conductor in two ways

• Moving the conductor across the

magnetic lines of force
• Moving the source of magnetic field
away or closer to the conductor

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (emf or voltage),
and of the induced current in a closed loop, is related to the rate
at which the conductor cuts across the magnetic field.

N is the number of turns of the conductor coil

emf is the induced electromotive force
dΦ/dt is the time-rate of change of magnetic flux Φ

It implies simply that higher voltages may be induced in the closed loop Michael Faraday (1791-1867),
the son of a poor blacksmith,
conductor by moving the conductor more rapidly across the lines of
discovered
the magnetic flux, by increasing the number of flux lines across induction experimentally
which the conductor move, or by increasing both the speed of
conductors and the flux across which they move.

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

 Lenz’s Law
An induced voltage will cause a current to flow in a closed circuit in such a
direction that the magnetic field which is caused by that current will
oppose the change that produce the current.

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz

(February 12, 1804 - February 10,
1865) was a Baltic German
physicist most famous for
formulating Lenz's law in 1833

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Ampere’s Law

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the

electric current which serves as its source, just as the electric field in
space is proportional to the charge which serves as its source.
Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the sum of the
length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the length
element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed
in the loop.

Andre-Marie AMPERE 1821-1822

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s Background

Generator Principle

The essential components of a

generator are

• A field magnet;
• An armature; and
• brushes

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

The Generator Left-Hand-Rule (electron flow)

John Ambrose Fleming (1849 -

1945) made the first diode
tube, the Fleming valve in the
year 1905. The device had
three leads, two for the
heater/cathode and the other
for the plate.

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

The AC Generator

In (A), the + conductor is moving down and cutting through the magnetic flux. By the generator left-hand-
rule (electron flow), the induced current is directed into the board. The conductor’s motion induces a
current directed out of the page.

In (B), since an emf is induced in a conductor as a result of a change in the flux linking the conductor, and
since both conductors are moving parallel to the flux and there is no change in linkage, there is no emf
induced across the loop and no current in the closed loop.

In (C), the + conductor is moving down, cutting through the flux. The induced current is directed into the
board. Since the conductor is moving up through the flux, the induced current is directed out of the
board. The direction of the current in the circuit is the reverse of that in (A).

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

The AC Generator

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

The Motor Principle

Instead of employing a mechanical effort to move a conductor poised in the magnetic field, suppose
we supply a current to the conductor from an external source. The magnetic field will be
distorted. The resulting magnetic force tends to expel the conductor from the magnetic field, an
action known as the motor effect as expected when Lenz’s law is applied.

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

The Motor Right-Hand-Rule (electron flow)

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Conversion of AC to DC

Comparison of DC and AC loops and rings

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Conversion of AC to DC

Comparison of DC and AC loops and rings

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

DC Generator Output Waveform

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s Background

DC Generator Output Waveform

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s Background

The War of the Currents

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The War of Background
the Currents – DC Power Station

The earliest power stations were little more than sheds in backyards. This is
Brighton Electric Light Station in 1887. Stationary steam engines drive tiny direct
current (DC) generators by means of leather belts

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The War of Background
the Currents – Edison’s DC Dynamo

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The Ward of Background
the Currents - DC Dynamo and Diesel Engine

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The War of Background
the Currents – AC Power Station

Carville power station on Tyneside, 1904. High-speed Parsons steam

turbines drive alternators.

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The War of Background
the Currents – AC Generator & Motor

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
The War of Background
the Currents – AC Motor

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
Tesla Coil Background

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
Tesla Coil Background

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

Instructor’s
Tesla Coil Background

Lesson 1: Dynamo Operating Principles

 THANK YOU

We are now open for clarifications

and comments.

One of the cleanest way to convert mechanical energy into electric energy