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Chap. 3: Image Enhancement in The Spatial Domain: Spring 2006, Jen-Chang Liu Csie, Ncnu

This document discusses image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain. It describes how spatial domain processing directly manipulates pixel values using point or neighborhood operations. Common point operations include gray level transformations like logarithmic transforms, power law transforms, and look up tables. Neighborhood operations involve applying filters or kernels to local groups of pixels. Examples of neighborhood operations given are image averaging, arithmetic operations like subtraction, and logic operations like AND and OR. The document outlines several basic gray level transformations and provides examples of their use.

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22 views

Chap. 3: Image Enhancement in The Spatial Domain: Spring 2006, Jen-Chang Liu Csie, Ncnu

This document discusses image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain. It describes how spatial domain processing directly manipulates pixel values using point or neighborhood operations. Common point operations include gray level transformations like logarithmic transforms, power law transforms, and look up tables. Neighborhood operations involve applying filters or kernels to local groups of pixels. Examples of neighborhood operations given are image averaging, arithmetic operations like subtraction, and logic operations like AND and OR. The document outlines several basic gray level transformations and provides examples of their use.

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Select dsouza
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chap.

3: Image Enhancement
in the Spatial Domain

Spring 2006, Jen-Chang Liu


CSIE, NCNU
Announcement
 Where to find MATLAB ?
 It’s not free…
 A book contains the student’s edition of MATLAB
 NCNU CC support 50 on-line version in the
computer rooms (307, 308, 208, 413)
Image Enhancement
 Goal: process an image so that the result is
more suitable than the original image for a
specific application
 Visual interpretation
 Problem oriented
Image enhancement example
Two categories
 There is no general theory of image
enhancement
 Spatial domain
 Direct manipulation of pixels
 Point processing
 Neighborhood processing
 Frequency domain
 Modify the Fourier transform of an image
Outline: spatial domain
operations
 Background
 Gray level transformations
 Arithmetic/logic operations
Background
 Spatial domain processing
 g(x,y)=T[ f(x,y) ] f(x,y) g(x,y)
T
 f(x,y): input image

 g(x,y): output image

 T: operator

 Defined over some neighborhood of (x,y)


Background (cont.)

* T applies to each pixel


in the input image

* T operates over
neighborhood of (x,y)
Point processing
 1x1 neighborhood
 Gray level transformation, or point processing

 s = T(r)

contrast thresholding
stretching
Neighborhood processing
 A larger predefined neighborhood
 Ex. 3x3 neighborhood
 mask, filters, kernels, templates, windows
 Mask processing or filtering
Some Basic Gray Level Transformations

 Image negatives (complement)


 Log transformation
 Power-law transform
 Piece-wise linear transform
 Gray level slicing
 Bit plane slicing
Some gray level transformations

•Lookup table
•Functional form
Image negatives
 Photographic negative 負片
 Suitable for images with dominant black
areas

Original mammogram(乳房X光片)
Log transformations
 s = c log(1+r)
 Compress the dynamic
range of images with
large variation in pixel
values
Example: Log transformations
 log(fft2(I)) : log of Fourier transform

log

2d Fourier transform 頻譜圖


Power-law transformations
 s=cr
 >1
 <1
 : gamma
 display, printers,
scanners follow
power-law
 Gamma correction
Example: Gamma correction
原始影像 顯示器偏差

 CRT: intensity-to- =2.5


voltage response
follow a power-law.
1.8<<2.5
=1/2.5
=2.5
Power-law: <1

 Expand dark gray


levels

=0.6

=0.4 =0.3
Power-law: >1

 Expand light
gray levels

=3

=4 =5
Piece-wise linear transformations

control point

 Advantage: the
piecewise function
can be arbitrarily
complex
Contrast
stretching

How to automatically adjust


the gray levels?
Gray-level slicing 切片
 Highlighting a specific range of gray levels
Bit-plane slicing
* Highlight specific bits

1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Ex. 15010 bit-planes of an image
(gray level 0~255)
Bit-plane slicing: example
For image
compression

7 6

5 4 3

2 1 0
Arithmetic/logic operations
 Logic operations
 Image subtraction
 Image averaging
Logic operations
 Logic operations: pixel-wise AND, OR, NOT
 The pixel gray level values are taken as
string of binary numbers
Ex. 193 => 11000001

 Use the binary mask to take out the region


of interest(ROI) from an image
Logic operations: example
A B A and B

AND

A or B

OR
Image subtraction
f:original(8 bits) h:4 sig. bits

 Difference image
g(x,y)=f(x,y)-h(x,y)

scaling

difference image
Image subtraction: scaling the
difference image
 g(x,y)=f(x,y)-h(x,y)
 f and h are 8-bit => g(x,y)  [-255, 255]
1. (1)+255 (2) divide by 2
• The result won’t cover [0,255]
2. (1)-min(g) (2) *255/max(g)

Be careful of the dynamic range after the image


is processed.
Image subtraction example:
mask mode radiography
 Inject contrast medium into bloodstream
original (head) difference image

注射碘液
拍攝影像
與原影像
相減
Image averaging
 Noisy image g(x,y)=f(x,y)+η(x,y)
original noise

Clear image Noisy image


 Suppose η(x,y) is uncorrelated and has zero
mean
Image averaging: noise
reduction
 Averaging over K noisy images gi(x,y)
K
1
g ( x, y ) 
K
 g ( x, y )
i 1
i

 
E g ( x, y )  f ( x, y ) 期望值接近原圖

1 2
 2
g ( x, y )
   ( x, y ) K   2 
K
original Gaussian
noise

averaging averaging
K=8 K=16

averaging averaging
K=64 K=128

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