“LOG EVALUATION”

By: Widi Hartono

Elnusa Tristar Ramba Ltd

Jakarta, 26 May 2010

 DEFINITION & UTILITIES
 Log: is a product of Wireline Services by running hole logging tool.
 Measuring: rock properties & its contained (fluids).
 Type of Log:
- Open hole log.
- Cased hole log.
 Logs utility:
- correllation define top Formation/marker, see rock development
- define type of lithology sand, shale, silstone, coal, basement, volcanic/
granitic sand, etc.
- estimating shale content.
- define potential source rock.
- fluid contact  Gas Oil Contact (GOC), Oil Water Contact (OWC)
- porosity, water saturation (Sw), permeability, bedding inclination (dipmeter),
cement bond quality (CBL).
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 TYPE OF LOG
 CASED HOLE :
 OPEN HOLE :
- Gamma Ray (GR).
- Gamma Ray (GR), NGT - Cement Bond Log (CBL).
- Resistivity (RLLD=RLN, - Casing Collar Locator
RLLS=RSN, RXO=RMSFL) (CCL)
- Spontaneous Potential - Cased Hole Formation
(SP) Resistivity (CHFR)
- Density (rb= RHOB) - Carbon Oxigen (CO) log
- Neutron Porosity (NPHI or RST.
or fN) - Sonolog.
- Sonic, Dipmeter
- RFT (Repeat Formation
Test) or SFT (Survey
Formation Test) or MDT 3
 1. GAMMA RAY (GR)
 Measuring: natural radioactivity of rock (uranium,
thorium, potassium) –>differentiated w/NGT log.
 Influenced by:
- Shalyness; Vsh>>  GR>>
- Grain size; finer grain  GR>>
- Clay Mineral; glauconite, illite content will
increase GR value
- K-Feldspar (Orthoclase); higher K-Feldspar
content will increase GR value.
Example: granite, volvanic rock  GR>>
- Organic/fossil content; high fossil  GR >>
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 Example of GR reading

High GR
-Vsh >>
-Finer grain

Shale Baseline
Sand Baseline

Low GR
-Vsh <<
-coarser grain

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 Vsh Calculation

Vsh = GR - GRmin
GRmax - GRmin

100% shale OR
0% sand

Sand Baseline = Shale Baseline

GRmin = GRmax

Exp. at Point “A”;

100% sand OR GRA = 50 API
0% shale GRmax = 175 API Vsh = 50-30 = 13.79%
A GRmin = 30 API 175-30

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 2. RESISTIVITY (Rt)
 Measuring: rock conductivity to pass on electric
current.

 Influenced by:
- Fluid content; Oil  Rt>>
- Salinity; Higher Salinity  Rt<<
- Clayeyness; higher clay content will
decrease Rt value.
- Rock Density; higher Density  Rt>>
- Type of Rock;
- Rtsand > Rtshale
- Coal  Rt >>
- Temperature; higher Temp. will reduce Rt
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 TYPE OF RESISTIVITY (Rt)
 RLLD= RLN = Deep Resistivity;
- measures through 40 inch deep.
- measures in the un-invaded zone.
 RLLS = RSN = Shallow Resistivity;
- measures through 27 inch deep.
- measures in the invaded zone (mud invasion zone)
 Rxo = RSFL ;
- measures in between invaded zone and transition zone
 Rm = Mud Resistivity;
- is resistivity of mud that used during drilling; is measured
before logging.
 Rmf = Mud filtrate Resistivity;
- is resistivity of mud that filtrates into formation; is measured
also before logging.
- Rmf/Rw ratio is important to get good SP reading.
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 The Use of Rt
 Distinguish type of lithology (combined w/Density)
 Calculate Sw (Water Saturation)
 Distinguish fluid type (combined w/Density & Neutron)
 Distinguish Fluid Contact (OWC, GOC)
 Estimate Formation Water Salinity

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Example of Rt reading

Low Rt High Rt
Shale / & Low Density

siltstone  Coal

Sand; high
Rt, Por.=12%
Poss. Oil
bearing

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EXAMPLES

•R ;
t ….. GR
….. …..
GR ….. Rt1 ….. Rt1
….. sand sand ….. OWC ?
….. …...
Rt2
shale shale
….. …..
….. Rt2 …..
..... sand ….. Rt3
….. sand ….
….. Rt3
….. shale
shale

Rt1>>Rt2 due to: Rt1>>Rt2 due to:

- different in grain size - different fluid in the Reservoir
- different in shaliness - different porosity / compactness
Rt3 flat possibly due to depleted

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Example of Rt reading
GR (API)

Distinguish
OWC
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Example of Rt reading

Cross Over
between Density
& Neutron

Distinguish GAS

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 Resistivities
at Mud Invasion Zones
BOREHOLE RESERVOIR

Rmc Rxo
Rm Rmf
Rt or RLLD
RLLS
Drilling Mud
Rsfl

mudcake Invaded Transition Un- Invaded

Zone Zone Zone

Rm = Mud Resistivity
Rmc = Mudcake Resistivity
Rmf = Mudfiltrate Resistivity 14
Rmf & Salinity Rmf = 0.11 (at BHT)
Calculation Given: Rmf = 0.2 (at Surf)

Surf.=80oF

BHT=150oF

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Salinity = 30 Kppm
 STEPS TO CALCULATE Rweq :
Given :
SP = -60 mV
Rmf @80oF = 0.2 ohmm
BHT = 150oF
0.017 Calculate : Rweq
Solution :
Rmfeq Using Resistivity Chart, we
could find Rmf=0.11 ohmm
Rmf @75oF >1
 Rmfeg = 0.85 x Rmf
0.094
= 0.85 x 0.11= 0.094
Rmfeq / Rweq

SP = -60 mV; T=150oF

using Rweq Chart, we
5.5 found Rmfeq/Rweq = 5.5
Draw line from
Rmfeq/Rweq=5.5 to Rmfeq
scale chart=0.094
using Rweq Chart, we
found Rweq = 0.017

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SP= -60 mV; T=150oF
 STEPS TO CALCULATE Rw:
From previous calculation;
Rweq = 0.017 ohmm

Draw line to the right until

crossing T=150oF
Rweq=0.017 using Rweq vs Rw Chart,
we found Rw = 0.032 ohmm

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Rw=0.032
 Sw Calculation

Sw = Water Saturation (ARCHIE Formula)

= FRw / Rt = Ro /Rt  F = Formation Factor

Ro = Resistivity of formation filled w/water
F = a / fm  f = Porosity

m = cementation factor  1 to 3
a = lithology coeficient  0.6 to 2
Humble Formula:
- for Sandstone: - for Unconsolidated Sand:
F = 0.62 / f2.15 F = 0.81 / fm 18
3. SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
 Measuring: electric potential different between
electrode movement in well bore and at surface
 in millivolt (mV)

 Influenced by:
- Ratio of Rmf / Rw;
Rmf / Rw <1  SP_sand tend to the right (+)
Rmf = Rw  SP has no deflection/straight
Rmf /Rw >1  SP_sand tend to the left (-)
- Thickness of permeable rock (h)
hsd >>>  SP shows sharp contact
- Rock Permeability or Depth of invasion (di);
di >>>  more permeable  SP tend to the left

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3. SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
 Influenced by ( continued )
- Thickness of adjacent impermeable layer
hsh >>>  SP shows curving contact
- Interbed; more frequent  SP tend to the right.

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 The Use of SP
 Distinguish rock permeability
 Correlation; in case GR is not available
 Distinguish formation water resistivity (Rw)
 Distinguish sand shale qualitatively
 Sometime could detect fluid content
change

SSP = -(61+0.133T) log Rmfe / Rwe

SSP = Static SP (max negative SP deflection)

T = Temperature, in deg. F
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 Example of SP reading

Good
Permeability
Rounded
SP

Less
Permeable

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EXAMPLES

INCORRECT CORRECT

sand sand sand

shale shale shale

sand sand sand

shale shale shale

Rm/Rw < 1 Rm/Rw = 1 Rm/Rw >1

Rm = Mud Resistivity Rw = Formation Water Resistivity

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 EXAMPLES

• SP ;
….. SP …..
….. …..
….. …..
….. ….. Sd1
….. …..
….. …..
h1
….. …..
….. ….. kSd1 >> kSd2
….. ….. Sd2
…..

h2
SP
contact
curving
h1<h2 Sd1 << Shaliness
than Sd2

Sd = Sandstone
h = Shale thickness k = Permeability
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 4. DENSITY LOG (RHOB ~ rb)
 Measuring: rock density that indicated by
absorption index of photoelectric in the reservoir.

 Influenced by:
- Rock compactness;
soft rock  RHOB <<<
compact rock RHOB >>>
- Bore hole quality;
hole caving RHOB reads mud cake (not valid
value)  RHOB reads too small value.
- Clay or shaliness;
more clay will increase rock density

 RHOB is used to calculate POROSITY

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 POROSITY DENSITY
Calculation

f = rma - rb Vclay correction  rb clean = rb – rclay x Vclay

rma - rf 1 - Vclay

f = porosity density derived

rma = matrix density;
sandstone = 2.65, limestone = 2.71
rb = bulk density
rf = fluid density = 1.1
rclay = clay density

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Example of rb reading

rb

rb

SAND - SHALE
REEF

Sequences
27
rb uses limestone matrix (1.7  2.7)
Example of rb reading

rb

Cross Over
between Density
& Neutron

Distinguish GAS

NPHI
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 5. NEUTRON LOG (NPHI)
 Measuring: hydrogen index in the reservoir as a result
of atomic nucleus coillison.
 Influenced by:
- Clay/Shaliness;
clay >>> more separation between RHOB & NPHI
- Gas content;
will decrease Neutron Porosity
- Salinity;
more NaCl in the borehole & formation will decrease
H2 concentration.
- Mudcake (mc);
thicker mc will decrease H2 concentration
- Mud Weight (MW);
higher MW will decrease neutron interaction
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 NPHI is used to calculate POROSITY
 STEPS TO CALCULATE True Porosity (fT):

Solution :
Using rD & fN Chart :
- From point rD=2.26, draw line to
fT = 24% the right.
rD=2.26
- From point fN=20%, draw line
upward.

 At crossing point, we find fT = 24%

Lithology  sandstone

fN=20%
Given: rD=2.26 gr/cc, fN=20%

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 6. SONIC LOG
 Measuring: transit time (Dt) of the acustic wave from
transmitter to receiver through the formation.

 Influenced by:
- Compaction;
compactness >>> Transit Time <<<  less Porosity
- Gas content;
will increase Sonic Porosity

 Sonic is used to :
- calculate porosity
- distinguish potential source rock (combined w/GR & Rt)
 High GR, High Rt, lower Dt  good source rock
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 STEPS TO CALCULATE Sonic Porosity (fS):

Solution :
Using Dt & fN Chart :

fS= 21.5% - From point Dt=80, draw line to

the right.
- From point fN=20%, draw line
Dt=80 upward.
 At crossing point, draw perpendicular line to
closest porosity bar scale (limestone), we
find fS = 21.5 %

Lithology  sandy limestone

fS = Dtlog - Dtma
Dtfluid - Dtma
fN=20%
Given: Dt= 80 ms/ft, fN=20%
Dtma = 55.5 ms/ft
Dtwater = 189 ms/ft 32
 SONIC TRANSIT TIME (Dt)
 Restrictions:
- uniform intergrain porosity
- formation water bearing
- clean sand (minor clay content)
- consolidated sand

 Therefore:
 very rare we use Sonic Porosity, unless no other
data available.

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DLL-GR-MSFL SONIC

Dt << … Por <<

Dt >> ….Por >>
(Dt = Travel Time)

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 7. RFT / SFT / MDT
 Measuring: hydrostatic & formation pressures,
sampling formation fluid.

 Influenced by:
- hole condition;
rughous/bad hole  unsealed pad  not valid pressure.
- mudcake;
too thick mudcake  difficult to measure formation
pressure.

 If we plot several Fm Pressures, change on pressure

gradient may reflect as GOC or OWC.

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 RFT PRESSURES VS DEPTH BENTAYAN FIELD
1080

Example of 1090

RFT – Press. plots

1100
Gas Gradient :
0.085 psi/ft
1110
GOC : -3675 FT-SS
(- 1120
INITIAL M-SS)
GOC: -1120 M-SS
1120

LEGEND

DEPTH (M-SS)
1130
Bentayan-17

Bentayan-18
1140
Bentayan-22

1150 Bentayan-34
Oil Gradient :
Bentayan-38
0.335 psi/ft
1160 Bentayan-39

GOC OWC:
INITIAL : -1163 M-SS
-1163 M-SS Bentayan-41
1170 (- 3816 FT-SS)
Bentayan-50

Bentayan-54
1180
Bentayan-81

1190 Wtr. Gradient :

0.435 psi/ft

1200
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1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750
PRESSURES (PSI)