A useful measure of an individual's physical condition is the fraction of his or her body that consists of fat.
This problem describes a simple technique for estimating this fraction by weighing the individual twice, once
in air and once submerged in water.
(b) Suppose the body is divided into fat and nonfat components, and that Xf (kilograms of fat/kilograms of
total body mass) is the fraction of the total body mass that is fat:
𝑚𝑓
𝑋𝑓 =
𝑚𝑏
Prove:
where Pb, Pf, and Pnf are the average densities of the whole body, the fat component, and the nonfat
component, respectively. [Suggestion: Start by labeling the masses (mf and mb) and volumes (Vf and Vb) of
the fat component of the body and the whole body, and then write expressions for the three densities in
terms of these quantities. Then eliminate volumes algebraically and obtain an expression for mf/mb in terms
of the densities. 5 ]
(c) If the average specific gravity of body fat is 0.9 and that of nonfat tissue is 1.1, what fraction of the man's
body in part (a) consists of fat?
(d) The body volume calculated in part (a) includes volumes occupied by gas in the digestive tract, sinuses,
and lungs. The sum of the first two volumes is roughly 100 mL and the volume of the lungs is roughly 1.2
liters. The mass of the gas is negligible. Use this information to improve your
estimate of Xf.
• A mixture is 15.0 mole% ethyl alcohol, 65.0 mole% ethyl acetate
(C4H8O2 ), and 20.0 mole% acetic acid (CH3COOH). What is the
average molecular weight of the mixture?
Eggs are sorted into two sizes (large and extra large) at the Cheerful Chicken Dairy. Unfortunately,
business has not been good lately, and since the Cheerful Chicken's 40-year-old egg-sorting machine
finally gave up the ghost there have been no funds available to replace it. Instead, Old Fred, one of
the firm's sharper-eyed employees, has been equipped with a "Large" rubber stamp in his right
hand
and an "X-large" stamp in his left and assigned to stamp each egg with the appropriate label as it
goes by on the conveyor belt. Down the line, another employee puts the eggs into either of two
hoppers, each egg according to its stamp. The system works reasonably well, all things considered,
except that Old Fred has a heavy hand and on the average breaks 30% of the 120 eggs that pass
by him each minute. At the same time, a check of the "X-large" stream reveals a flow rate of 70
eggs/min, of which 25 eggs/min are broken.
How many "large" eggs leave the plant each minute, and what fraction of them are broken? Is Old
Fred right- or left-handed?
Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water. To make
strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 45:55
mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the
residue contains one-third water by mass.
Calculate how many pounds of strawberries are needed to make a
pound of jam.
Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing 75.0 wt% ethanol (ethyl
alcohol) and 25% water(mixture specific gravity = 0.877) and a quantity
of a 40.0 wt% ethanol--60% water mixture (SG =0.952) are blended to
produce a mixture containing 60.0 wt% ethanol. The object of this
problem is to determine V40, the required volume of the 40% mixture.
1. Wet sewage sludge enters a continuous thickener at a rate of 100 kg
per hour and dehydrated sludge leaves the thickener at a rate of 75 kg
per hour. Determine the amount of water removed in the thickener in
one hour, assuming steady-state operation.
2. A weak acid containing 12.5% H2SO4 and the rest water is fortified
by adding 500 kg of concentrated acid containing 80% H2SO4.
Determine the amount of the solution obtained if it contains 18.5%
H2SO4.
3. A soap plant produces raw soap containing 50% moisture. This is to
be dried to 20% moisture before it is pressed into cakes for sale. How
many 100-g soap pieces can be obtained from 1000 kg of original raw
soap?
In a process for producing caustic (NaOH), 4000 kg/h of a solution
containing 10 wt% NaOH is evaporated in the first evaporator, giving a
20% NaOH solution. This is then fed into a second evaporator, which
gives a product of 50% NaOH. Calculate the
following:
(a) The amount of water removed from each evaporator
(b) The feed to the second evaporator, kg/h
(c) The amount of product, kg/h
