Elements
Elements
Elements
ENGINEERING
1
Course Outline
1. Introduction
2. Symbols
3. Terms
4. General Rules
5. Datum's
6. Form Control
7. Orientation controls
8. Location controls
9. Run-out
2
Course Objectives
Participants will
• Be able to explain the main benefits of
GD&T
– Diametrical tolerance zone
– MMC
– Datum's specified in order of precedence
• Develop a solid foundation of GD&T
fundamentals
– Symbols
– Terms
– Rules
• Be able to properly apply frequently used
geometric controls
• Should be able to demonstrate the working
knowledge of application of positional
tolerance.
3
Introduction to GD&T
4
When do we use GD&T
5
Cylindrical Tolerance zone
Vs.
Rectangular Tolerance zone
6
SYMBOLS, TERMS and RULES are the
basics of GD&T. They are the alphabets,
definitions and syntax of this language.
You can’t expect to communicate in a
language if you don’t know its words,
symbols and how those words and
symbols fit together
7
Symbols
Symbols are essence of this graphic language. It is
important not only to know each symbol, but also
to know how to apply these symbols to drawings.
8
Datum feature symbols attached to
features
9
Feature control Frame
Geometric
Characteristic
symbol
Geometric Primary
tolerance Datum
Datum
Modifier
Modifier
10
Feature control Frame attached to features
11
GD&T Symbology
12
Terms
Basic Dimension is a numeric value used to
describe the theoretically exact size, or profile, or
orientation, or location of a feature or datum target.
Basic dimensions are used to define or position
tolerance zones. They are dimension without
tolerances
14
Datum Plane
15
Maximum Material Condition
16
Rules
Rule#1:
When no geometric tolerance is specified, the
dimensional tolerance controls the geometric form
as well as the size. No element of the feature shall
extend beyond of perfect form. The form tolerance
increases as the actual size of the feature departs
from MMC towards LMC
Rule#2 (1994 standard):
RFS automatically applies to individual tolerances
and to datum feature of sizes. MMC & LMC must be
specified where required.
Rule#3(1982 standard):
For all other geometric controls, RFS automatically
applies.
17
Rule#4:
All geometric tolerances specified for screw threads
apply to the axis of thread derived from pitch
diameter. Exceptions must be specified by a note
(such as MAJOR DIA, MINOR DIA or PITCH DIA) at
which each applies.
Rule#5:
Where datum feature of size is controlled by
geometric tolerance and is specified as secondary or
tertiary datum, the datum applies at virtual
condition with respect to orientation.
18
Rule#1
19
Rule#5
Internal External
Features Features
MMC 1.010 1.025
Geometric Tolerance -.010 + .010
Virtual Condition 1.000 1.035
20
Datum's
21
Immobilization of part Datum features of a part
are oriented and immobilized in selected order of
preference relative to three mutually
perpendicular intersecting planes of datum
reference frame. To properly position the part on
the datum reference frame, the datum's must be
specified in the order of preference.
Primary datum, contacts the datum reference
with minimum of 3 points of contact not in
the straight line.
Secondary datum, feature contacts the datum
reference frame with minimum of 2 points of
contact
Tertiary datum, contacts the datum reference
frame with minimum of 1 point of contact
22
Datum feature identification
Datum feature symbols are used to identify physical
features of a part. Datum feature symbols shall not
be applied to center lines, center planes or axes.
Datum's may be designated with any letter of
alphabet except I, O or Q.
23
Multiple datum features
When more than one feature is used to establish a
single datum reference letters are separated by a
dash and specified in one compartment of feature
control frame.
24
Datum Quiz
True or False
25
Establish Datum's
A D B
A B C
26
Datum's Exercise
27
Form Controls
Straightness Flatness
Circularity Cylindricity
28
Extreme Variations of Form
Allowed By Size Tolerance
25.1
25
25.1
25 (LMC)
(MMC)
25.1
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25
(MMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25
24.9 (MMC)
(LMC)
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
0.5 Tolerance
31
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone
25.25 max
24.75 min
MMC
MMC
MMC
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
MMC
In this example the derived median line of the feature’s actual local
size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose
diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value regardless of the
feature size. Each circular element of the feature must be within
the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form
at MMC can be violated up to the maximum outer boundary or
virtual condition diameter.
34
Straightness (MMC)
15
14.85
0.1 M
0.1 Diameter
15
Tolerance Zone
(MMC)
In this example the derived median line of the feature’s actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element
of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder
is allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local
MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the
specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC
can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
35
Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
25.25 max
24.75 min
90
0.1
90
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the
specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the circularity limit.
0.1
MMC
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the Cylindricity limit.
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
39
Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A
o
30
A
19.5 min 20.5 max
o o
30 30
0.3 A
0.3 Circular
0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone
Tolerance Zone
o
60
A A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
A 0.3 Circular
0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
0.3 A
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
True Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
50
Positional Tolerance
A review of rules and definitions that apply to
positional tolerance
Maximum Material Condition (MMC) of a feature
of size is a maximum amount of material within
stated limits of the size; for example maximum
shaft diameter or minimum hole diameter.
52
MMC
53
Zero Positional Tolerance
54
Zero Positional Tolerance- Exercise
4 X .750 - .830
f .000 M A B C
55
Project Tolerance Zone
56
57
Exercise
58
Multiple Patterns of the feature
59
Location Tolerance
What are the tolerances for datum hole D if produced at f .525: Location
tolerance ? __________
.015 + .010 = .025 Orientation tolerance? ______________
.015 + .002 = .017
What are the tolerances for the 4Xf.380 holes if produced at f .415
.040 Orientation_______
Location:_______ .040 .375
Virtual Condition__________
For the f .380 hole pattern what datum (s) determine (s)
A D B
Orientation:__________ Location: __________Clocking:_________
If the gauge is used to check the f.380 hole pattern: Datum D pin should
.510 - .002 = .508
be at what diameter_________
60
Composite Positional Tolerance
61
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This: Axis of Datum 0.5 Coaxial
Feature A Tolerance Zone
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
diametrically opposed elements must lie within a 0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of
datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis.
62
Location (Symmetry)
Datum Features at RFS
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This: Center Plane of 0.5 Wide
Datum Feature A Tolerance Zone
Derived Median
Points
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points
of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally
disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be
applied on an RFS basis.
63
Runout
Total Run
out
64
Features Applicable
to Run out Tolerance
Internal surfaces
constructed around a
datum axis
External surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis Angled surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Datum axis (established
from datum feature
Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a
datum axis
Datum feature
65
Circular Run out
Total Circular run out can only be applied on an
Tolerance RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Maximum Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum Minimum
Reading Reading Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
0
+ -
Full Part
Rotation
Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
When measuring circular run out, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position
along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently
allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular run out can be used to detect 2-
dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation).
66
Circular Run out
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
50 +/-0.25
o o
50 +/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Collect or Chuck
When measuring circular
runout, the indicator must
be reset when repositioned
Datum axis A
along the feature surface.
360 o Part
Rotation
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Datum axis A
68
Circular Run out
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
A B
As Shown
on Drawing
Machine
center
Single circular element
Datum axis A-B
Machine
center
360 o Part
NOTE: Circular run out in this example will
Rotation only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxially) not the entire feature surface
70
Circular Run out
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
A
B
0.75 A B
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
360 o Part
0
+ -
Collets or Chuck
Rotation
Datum axis B
Maximum Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum Minimum
Reading Reading
+
0
-
0
+ -
When measuring total run out, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface
while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total run out by
evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part
is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the
indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example,
total run out can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall
orientation).
72
Total Run out
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
o o
50 +/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This: The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric
When measuring total run out, the
indicator must not be reset when shape of the feature surface when the part is
repositioned along the feature rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is
surface. moved along the entire length of the feature
- 0
+ surface.
Collets or Chuck
0.75 A
10
35
50 +/-0.25
A As Shown
on Drawing
Means This: The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface
indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis
and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature
surface within the area described by the basic dimensions.
0
- +
When measuring total run out, the indicator
10 - 0
+ must not be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
Full Part
Rotation Datum axis A
75