Frequency Control and Regulating Reserves
Frequency Control and Regulating Reserves
Frequency Control and Regulating Reserves
FREQUENCY CONTROL
AND REGULATING
RESERVES
Asko Vuorinen
1
Purpose of frequency control
and regulating reserves
Keep the balance between demand
and supply of electricity
Balance is measured with frequecy of
system
2
Power system differenetial
equation
dWk/dt= Pg – Pc
where
Wk = kinetic energy of all rotating
machines = ½ J ω2
Pg = power generation
Pc = power consumption
J = torque of machines
ω = angular speed (rad/s)
3
Frequency drop without
regulation
df = dPg/Kn ( 1 – e –fNKn/(2Wk) x t)
where
2Wk/(fNKn) = time constant (T) (5 - 10 s)
Kn = natural control gain of the network (Hz/MW)
1/Kn = self regulation power (typically 1-2 % of
total capacity)
4
Deficit causes a frequency drop
without regulation (line 1) and
with regulation (line 2)
5
Without regulation
6
Regulation reserves limit the
frequency deviation to dfs
7
Classification of regulating
reserves (UCTE)*
8
UCTE = Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity
Sequence of actions of primary,
secondary and tertiary control
9
Primary control reserves
10
Primary control reserves
dP = - Pgn/sG/fn x df
11
Primary control, continued
dP = - Pgn/sG/fn x df = - Rp x df
where
dP = change in generator output (MW)
Pgn = nominal output of generator (MW)
sG = generator droop (%)
fn = nomnal frequency
df = change in power system frequency
Rp = regulating power = - Pgn/SG/fn
12
Primary control, continued
If the frequency deviation is eleminated the
output becomes the same as it was before
the disturbance (system is then restored)
13
Primary control, continued
Two generators (a and b)
with different droop
14
Two generators (a and b)
with different droop
15
Need of primary control reserves
16
Primary control reserve
deployment time (UCTE)
17
Primary control reserve
deployment time
UCTE
1500 MW in 15 s
3000 MW in 30 s
Nordel
300 MW in 5 s
1200 MW in 30 s
19
Secondary control reserves
Functions
Should reset the primary control
reserves in 5 – 15 minutes to be ready
for next disturbance
Should correct the frequency
deviation within allowable limit
+/- 0.1 Hz in Nordel
+/- 0.2 Hz in UCTE
20
Secondary control reserves
Control formula
where
dP = output set point of secondary controller
K = gain of P – controller
ACE = Area Control Error
Tr = time constant of secondary controller
* Note: The control action dP increases by integral
formula, if the deviation of ACE remains constant (PI-type
controller)
21
Secondary control reserves
Area Control Error (ACE)
ACE = dB + K x df
Where
dB = deviation in power balance (= Generation-
Load + Import - Export)
df = deviation of frequency from (fN)
K = dependency between deviation of power
and system frequency
Note: ACE is calculated in about five to ten second intervals by
computers in the dispatch center
22
Secondary control reserves
Reserve requirements (UCTE)
23
Secondary control reserves
Reserve requirements
24
Secondary control reserves
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and
manual control
AGC (USA and UCTE)
Dispatch center computers measure
ACE and send setpoints for regulating
power plants automatically
Manual (Nordel)
Dispatch center operators call to
regulating power plants by phone and
ask to change the set points
25
Secondary control reserves
Response times
5 min
PJM (USA)
Germany
10 min
Nordel
California (USA)
26
Secondary control reserves
Compliance factor (USA)
CF = ACE/(-10B) x df
Where
CF = compliance factor
ACE = Area Control Error (slide 22)
10B = bias setting of control area (MW/Hz)
df = frequency deviation
27
Secondary control reserves
Compliance factor (USA)
29
Secondary control reserves
Part load efficiency is important
33
Tertiary control reserves
Balance control
LSE can
Use selfgeneration for balance control
By balance difference from balance
provider
Pay penalties to System Operator
LSE:s prefer
Power plants which can be used in
balance control and regulation
35
Critical situations
Morning ramp
All resources are needed to increase
power from 50 % to 100 % within two
hours
Television pickup
Olympic games or other sport
happenings can increase load by 10 -
20 % in some minutes
36
Summary
37
For details see reference text book
”Planning of Optimal Power Systems”
Author:
Asko Vuorinen
Publisher:
Ekoenergo Oy
Printed:
2008 in Finland
www.optimalpowersystems.com 38