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Chapter 1 Atomic Bonding

- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons defines the atomic number and element. Electrons occupy different energy levels called shells. - There are different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds from electron transfer, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electrons in a sea. - Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals and result in ionic compounds with cations and anions. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals and result in molecules with directional bonds. Metallic bonds form in metals and result in materials that are good conductors.

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143 views23 pages

Chapter 1 Atomic Bonding

- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons defines the atomic number and element. Electrons occupy different energy levels called shells. - There are different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds from electron transfer, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electrons in a sea. - Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals and result in ionic compounds with cations and anions. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals and result in molecules with directional bonds. Metallic bonds form in metals and result in materials that are good conductors.

Uploaded by

Latisha Anthony
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Atomic Structures &


Bonding
Learning Objectives:

• Describe the nature and structure of an


atom
• Describe ionic, covalent, metallic, van
der Waals and mixed bonds and note
the differences between them
• Note what materials exhibit each of the
bonding types
Atomic Structure
Atomic number:
Equal to the orbital electrons:
number of n = principal
electrons or quantum number
protons n=3 2 1
Ex: Iron
26 electron=26
protons
Nucleus, Adapted from Fig. 2.1,
Z + N = # protons + # neutrons Callister 6e.

Atomic mass A ≈ Z + N
Atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio of the average mass
of atoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon.
Example: Iron 58.85 g/mol
Electron?
Avogadro’s Number = 6.023 x 1023 atoms/mol
• Valence electrons – those in unfilled shells
• Filled shells more stable
• Valence electrons are most available for bonding
and tend to control the chemical properties

– example: C (atomic number = 6)

1s2 2s2 2p2


4d
4p N-shell n = 4

3d
4s

Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s

2p L-shell n = 2
2s

1s K-shell n = 1
inert gases
give up 1e-
give up 2e-

accept 2e-
accept 1e-
give up 3e-
H He
Li Be O F Ne
Na Mg S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra

Electronegative elements:
Electropositive elements: Readily acquire electrons
Readily give up electrons to become - ions
to become + ions.
Electronegativity
Values: 0.7 to 4
Larger values tendency to acquire electron. Increasing shielding
decreasing electronegativity

Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Atomic Bonding
Atomic Bonding

Primary Secondary Mixed

Involves e- transfer/sharing Involves weak attraction Involves more than one


and produces a strong between atoms type of primary bond
joining of adjacent atoms No e- transfer/sharing

Ionic-covalent
van der Waals
Ionic
Metallic-covalent
Covalent
Metallic-ionic
Metallic
Ionic bonding
• result of e- transfer from one atom to another
• Formed between highly electropositive
(metallic) elements and highly electronegative
(nonmetallic) elements
• Due to coulombic attraction
• Producing cations and anions
• Nondirectional - +ve species attract –ve species
in all direction  ions stacked together in a
solid
• Example??
Ionic bonding
Ionic bond – metal + nonmetal

donates accepts
electrons electrons
 
Dissimilar electronegativities  

ex: MgO Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p4


[Ne] 3s2 

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6


[Ne] [Ne]

11
Electrical conductivity
poor; the electrical
charge is transferred by
the movement of entire
ion. Because of their
size do not move as easy
as electrons

Brittle???
Covalent bonding

• Cooperative sharing of valence electrons between two


adjacent atoms (atoms with small differences in
electronegativity and close to each other in periodic
table)
• Highly directional (Example CH4- bond angle 109.5O
• Poor electrical and thermal conductivity,
• For electron to move and carry current covelent bond
must be broken , required high temperature or voltage
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
• Occurs in solid metals
• Involves e- sharing – valence e-
attracted to the nuclei of neighboring
atoms (delocalized e-)  electron cloud
• Nondirectional – atoms are packed
together in a systematic pattern or
crystalline structure
• Al-give 3 electrons to form a sea of
electron
Metallic bonding

As electron are not fixed an any one position ,


metals are good electrical conductor. Under
influence of applied voltage, the valence
electrons moves
SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds

+ - + -
secondary
bonding Adapted from Fig. 2.13,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

• Permanent dipoles-molecule induced

+ - secondary + -
-general case:
bonding Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

H Cl secondary H Cl
-ex: liquid HCl
bonding

-ex: polymer second


a ry b o n secondary bonding
d i ng

18
van der Waals bonding

• Somewhat similar to ionic bonding but no e-


transfer
• Attraction depends on asymmetrical
distribution of positive and negative charges
within each atom or molecular unit being
bonded – dipole
• Permanent dipole – between molecules
(water molecules, polyethylene)
Heating water breaks hydrogen bonding,
but much higher temperature needed to
break covalent bond joining hydrogen and
oxygen

Adapted from
Callister & Rethwisch 62.
Mixed bonding

• Ionic-covalent – semiconducting
compounds such as GaAs, ZnSe
• Metallic-covalent – occurs in transition
metals (Ti, Fe) high Tmelt
• Metallic-ionic – occurs in intermetallic
compounds (NaZn13, Al9Co3, Fe5Zn21)
Bond energy

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