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SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. It provides data confidentiality and integrity by creating a secure channel between two computers. SSH has evolved over time, starting with SSH-1 in 1995 and SSH-2 in 1996, with improvements in security and features. Common implementations today include OpenSSH for UNIX systems and PuTTY for Windows. SSH uses encryption, authentication, and data integrity techniques to secure the transport layer, authenticate users, and multiplex connections.

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181 views14 pages

SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. It provides data confidentiality and integrity by creating a secure channel between two computers. SSH has evolved over time, starting with SSH-1 in 1995 and SSH-2 in 1996, with improvements in security and features. Common implementations today include OpenSSH for UNIX systems and PuTTY for Windows. SSH uses encryption, authentication, and data integrity techniques to secure the transport layer, authenticate users, and multiplex connections.

Uploaded by

Principal MLMPolytechnic
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Secure Shell (SSH)

Submitted By:
Er. Pushpinder Kaur
M.Tech C.S.E 3rd Sem
170300081
What is SSH?
 “SSH is a protocol for secure remote
login and other secure network services
over an insecure network.” – RFC 4251
 Secure channel between two computers
• Provides data confidentiality and integrity
 Many uses other than remote shell

2
History
 SSH-1 designed in 1995 by Tatu Ylönen
• In response to a password-sniffing attack
• Replacement for rlogin, telnet, and rsh
• Released as freeware in July 1995
• ~20,000 users in 50 countries by the end of
the year
 Ylönen founded SSH Communications
Security in December 1995
• Code became increasingly more proprietary
3
History (continued)
 SSH-2 designed in 1996
• Incompatible with SSH-1
• Security and feature improvements
 Open source implementations (OSSH
and OpenSSH) created in 1999
• OSSH is now obsolete
• OpenSSH is the most popular SSH
implementation as of 2005

4
Current Implementations (2007)
 OpenSSH – common on UNIX systems
 SSH Tectia – commercial implementation
 PuTTY – client only, Windows
 MindTerm – client only, Java applet

5
Layering of SSH Protocols
 Transport Layer Protocol
• Provides server authentication, confidentiality,
and integrity
 User Authentication Protocol
• Authenticates the client-side user to the server
 Connection Protocol
• Multiplexes the tunnel into logical channels
 New protocols can coexist with the
existing ones
6
Transport Layer Protocol
 Public-key host authentication
• Lets the client know the correct server is on the other end
• DSS or RSA, raw or through OpenPGP
 Strong symmetric encryption
• Uses Diffie-Hellman algorithm for secure key exchange
• Many ciphers are supported: 3des, blowfish, twofish, aes,
etc., most with multiple key sizes
• New keys generated every 1 GB or 1 hour
 Data integrity via MACs (message authentication
codes)
• SHA-1 and MD5 are supported

7
User Authentication Protocol
 Multiple authentication methods
• public-key, password, host-based
• Extensible
 Server tells client which methods can be
used, client picks the most convenient
 Provides a single authenticated channel
to the connection protocol

8
Connection Protocol
 Provides multiple channels:
• interactive login sessions
• remote execution of commands
• forwarded X11 connections
• forwarded TCP/IP connections
 All channels are multiplexed into a single
encryption tunnel

9
Attacks on SSH
 Man-in-the-middle
• Very easy if the client Client

does not have the


server’s public key
prior to connecting
• Attacker masquerades Attacker
between the client and
server
 Denial of service
 Covert channels Server

10
System Configuration Files
(OpenSSH)
 /etc/ssh/
• sshd_config – SSH server configuration
• ssh_config – SSH client configuration
• ssh_host_*_key – private host keys
• ssh_host_*_key.pub – public host keys
• ssh_known_hosts – list of known public host
keys

11
User Configuration Files
(OpenSSH)
 ~/.ssh/
• id_* - private authentication keys
• id_*.pub – public authentication keys
• known_hosts – list of known public host keys
• authorized_keys – list of allowed public
authentication keys

12
Public-Key Authentication Howto

Accept the defaults and


leave the passphrase blank
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
...
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh <remote-host> 'cat - >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys‘
...
$ ssh <remote-host>
... Enter your password
one last time

Enjoy not having to enter


a password

13
References and Resources
 RFC 4250-4254
 SSH: The Secure Shell – The Definitive
Guide
• http://www.snailbook.com/index.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
 http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~duckwos/ssh_lab/

14

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