CHEN 3001 Transport

Phenomena

Week 5 : Lecture 1
Basic Concepts
Learning Outcomes (weeks 1 – 4)
Momentum Transport (Fluid Mechanics)

(1) Microscopic details of flow were obtained using shell balance and
equations of change approach

(2) The connection between the macroscopic quantities - friction and

drag and the microscopic details were shown

(3) Macroscopic balances were done

Learning Outcomes (weeks 5 – 7)
Energy Transport (Heat Transport)

(1) Apply microscopic balance to get temperature profile for steady

state conduction problems

(2) Use equation of energy to get temperature profile for unsteady

state conduction problems

(3) Use equation of energy to solve internal and external convection

problems
Learning Objectives for this Lecture
At the completion of this lecture you should be able to
understand:

• Steady state 1-D conduction without heat source + conjugate heat

transfer

• Shell balance method for analysis of steady state 1-D conduction

with heat source

• General Energy Transport equation

Outline
Review of Heat Transfer fundamentals

• Heat Transfer Mechanisms

• Basic laws of heat transfer

• Steady state conduction

Microscopic energy Balance

• Shell balance

• Equations of Change
Heat Transport in Daily Life
Heat Transport in Industrial Equipments
Heat Transport in Industrial Equipments

Insulated Pipes
Modes of Heat Transfer

• Conduction – transport of thermal energy by

molecular interaction

• Convection – transport of thermal energy by

Bulk fluid motion

• Radiation – transport of thermal energy by

electromagnetic waves
Mechanisms of Conductive Heat Transfer

Liquid and Gas

Solid
Rate Equation for Conduction
Important Variables in Conduction

•Thermal conductivity, density and specific heat are three very important
variables in heat transfer

•A high thermal conductivity (k) material tends to have a more even

temperature distribution than one with a low thermal conductivity

•A material with low specific heat requires less thermal energy to heat;
therefore, it heats faster than one with a high specific heat
Some Thermal conductivity values

Cengel, Heat & Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2006

Some Thermal diffusivity values

Cengel, Heat & Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2006

Convective Heat Transfer

Newton’s Law of Cooling

Typical Heat Transfer Coefficient Values

Cengel, Heat & Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2006

Application of Fourier law

1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION

(W/O HEAT SOURCE)
Combined mechanisms of heat transfer
In most cases, more than 1 mechanism is involved in transfer of energy
Qx dT
Fourier rate equation in the x direction:  k
A dx
• For boundary conditions

T x 0
 T1 T xL
 T2

Qx

L T2
dx  k  dT Qx 
kA
T1  T2 
A 0 T1 L

Newton law of cooling : Qx  hAT

Combined mechanisms (Conjugate) of
heat transfer
Example: Composite wall constructed of three materials in
layers. Hot gas flows at temperature Th on 1 side and cool gas
flows at Tc on the other side. What is the Steady-state heat-
transfer rate per unit area?
Qx  hh ATh  T1 


k1 A
T1  T2 
L1


k2 A
T2  T3 
L2


k3 A
T3  T4 
L3
 hc AT4  TC 
Combined mechanisms of heat transfer
Rearrange:  1 L1 L2 L3 1 

Th  Tc  Qx      
 hh A k1 A k 2 A k3 A hc A 
Th  Tc
Qx 
1 hh A  L1 k1 A  L2 k 2 A  L3 k3 A  1 hc A

Compare with resistances in a series electrical

circuit…
Qx  T
Rthermal

Or, in terms of overall heat transfer coefficient,

U:
Qx  UAT
1
Q
U  x
AT

T Rthermal
AT

AR thermal
Conjugate Heat Transfer  From Process Heat Transfer 2002
U is the inverse of total resistance to heat transfer – True or
False

What is the unit of U?

 Class Example

Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall with

K = 0.9 W/ m K
 Class Example
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 8 mm and
a thermal conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m°C. Determine the steady rate of heat
transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors
is 10°C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the
window to be h1 = 10 W/m2 · °C and h2 = 40 W/m2 · °C, which includes the effects of
radiation.
Series-parallel composite wall

Assumptions:

S x isothermal

(i.e. same temperature

in the F-G interface)

S x adiabatic
(i.e. no heat added/lost in
the F-G interface)
Thermal Contact Resistance

TA  TB Rt,c
Rt,c  Rt ,c 
qx Ac

Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial

conditions, and contact pressure

 Class Example: Thermal resistance for
cylindrical coordinates
1   T  1   T    T  DT
 kr  2  k    k   S  C p
r r  r  r     z  z  Dt

Consider a case of heat conduction across the wall of a hollow cylinder, where hot
fluid is passed through the inner passage (r = R1), and cold fluid passes over the
outer wall (r = R2). Show that the following temperature distribution is obtained
under steady state condition, assuming that the temperatures of the inner and
outer walls are constant (Ts,1 and Ts,2, respectively).

Ts ,1  Ts ,2 r
T (r )  ln    Ts ,2
ln  r2 r1   r2 

Obtain an equation for the heat transfer rate!

 Thermal resistance – Series of cylinders
T ,1  T , 4
Qr 
1 ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 ) 1
   
2r1 Lh1 2k A L 2k B L 2kC L 2r4 Lh4

ln  r2 r1 
Rcond 
2 Lk

1 1
Rconv  
hA h  2 rL 
 1D,SS conduction – Spherical Wall

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  DT
 kr  2 2 
 k 
  2 k   S  C p
r r 
2
r  r sin  r     r sin      Dt
• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

k
r 
1   1 1  r1/ r 
T (r )  Ts ,1  Ts ,1s,1 Ts , 2s,1 s,2  1   r1 / r 2 
T r  T  T T r
 r1 
1    4k
 r2  Q  Ts,1  Ts,2 
(1 / r1 )  (1 / r2 )
r

If there is convection on the outside

surface with temperature T0: Ts ,1  T0
Qr 
(1 / r1 )  (1 / r2 )  1
4k 4r22 h
1D,SS conduction – Spherical Wall

Rcond 
1 r1   1 r2 
4 k

1 1
Rconv  
hA h  4 r 2 
 Summary (1D steady state conduction
without heat generation)

1
Rconvection 
hAs
Shell balance analysis

STEADY STATE CONDUCTION

WITH HEAT SOURCE
Shell Energy balance - Steps

1. Analyze the system  setup the coordinate system

(use your imagination)

2. Write a balance for a shell in finite thickness

3. Write the Boundary Conditions (BC) available

Shell Energy balance - Steps

4. Let the thickness approach to zero and obtain a

differential equation

5. Insert The Fourier’s law

6. Solve (Integrate) the eq. for Temperature distributions

with BCs

7. Calculate the other quantities required

General energy balance on a control volume

First law of thermodynamics applied on control volume:

 rate of   net   net   rate of 

       
 energy 
 convection 
 conduction 
  energy 
accumulation   flux   flux  production 
       

Energy that passes • Chemical reaction

through CV boundaries • Electrical
current/heat source
• Viscous heat source
Energy transfer etc.
Fourier’s law of
due to flow
conductivity
Heat Conduction with Electrical Heat Source

•Electrical wire of circular cross section with

constant surface temperature T0

•Radius R, Electrical Conductivity ke ohm-1 cm-1

•Current Density, I amp/cm2

•Some electrical energy is converted to Heat

•The rate of heat production per unit volume is

given by
Heat Conduction with Electrical Heat Source

•Doing Energy balance on thin shell of thickness r and length L

• Velocity = 0 (i.e. no flow)

•Substitute these terms into the energy balance equation

Heat Conduction with Electrical Heat Source

•Divide by 2Lr and letting r  0 gives

•C1 has to be zero, because at r = 0 heat flux cannot be infinite, So

Heat Conduction with Electrical Heat Source

•Now we substitute Fourier’ law to get (constant k)

•This equation integrated to get

•C2 is determined using the boundary condition r = R, T = T0

Heat Conduction with Electrical Heat Source
Analogy between Momentum and Energy Transport
Comparison of Molecular Transports

Criteria Momentum Transfer Heat Transfer

Transport Property Viscosity Thermal Conductivity

Governing law Newton’s law of viscosity Fourier’s law of conduction

Driving Force Velocity gradient Temperature gradient
Flux  Velocity gradient  Temperature gradient
GENERAL ENERGY
TRANSPORT EQUATION
General energy transport equation
• Newtonian, incompressible, constant k:

ˆ  T 
C P   v .T   k 2T  S
 t 

 rate of   net   net   rate of 

       
 energy 
 convection 
 conduction 
  energy 
accumulation   flux   flux  production 
       
General energy transport equation
• Newtonian, incompressible, constant k:

ˆ  T 
C P   v .T   k 2T  S
 t 
Rate of change in T Conduction Source term
(Energy generated per unit
volume per unit time)
Convection term
(Velocity must satisfy equations of
motion and continuity)
T T T   2T  2T  2T 
v .T  vx  vy  vz k  2  2  2 
x y z  x y z 
General energy transport equation
• Alternatively:

T k S
 v .T  T
2

t Cˆ P Cˆ P

Thermal diffusivity [m2/s]

• A high conductivity material tends to have a more even temperature

distribution than one with a low thermal conductivity

• A material with low specific heat requires less thermal energy to heat;
therefore, it heats faster than one with a high specific heat
General Energy Transport Equations
DT   T    T    T 
C p  k    k    k S
Dt x  x  y  y  z  z  Rectangular

DT 1   T  1   T    T 
C p   kr  2  k    k S Cylindrical
Dt r r  r  r     z  z 

DT 1   2 T  1   T  1   T 
C p  2  kr 
 2 2 
 k 
  k S
Dt r r  r  r sin      r sin     
2

Spherical

Term on the left hand side shows the substantial derivative of temperature as
a function of time

DT T
  v.T
Dt t
Boundary conditions
Examples
T  T0
Temperature specified at a surface rR

 hT  Tair 
dT
k
Heat flux normal to a surface dt rR
Newton’s law of
cooling

TS 1  TS 2
At interfaces, the temperature and
heat flux normal to the interface are q S1  q S 2
equal.
Revisit example problem
Energy equation:

T T v T T
 vr   vz
t x r  z
k  1   T  1  2T  2T  S
   r   2   
Cˆ P  r r  r  r  2 z 2  Cˆ P

1   T 
 k r   Se
r r  r 
Integrate: T S C
 e r 1
r 2k r
And so on…
Revisit example problem

What if we neglect our assumption of constant

surface temperature?

• Steady state assumption  constant

heat flux at the surface of the wire.
Summary of Key Concepts

1. Microscopic energy balance can be done by both shell

balance and by using equations of change

2. When fluid flow is involved convective terms in the

equations of change remain