CLASS XI

IP (065)

HARDWARE
AND
SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE

 What is a computer ?
 Hardware and software
 Hardcopy and Softcopy
 IPO cycle
 Components of computer.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Contents

Introducing Your Computer

 Types of Computers
 Hardware Basics
 Computer Memory and Storage Basics
 Software Basics

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER

Key Terms
You Will Learn
personal computer
(PC)  How computers work
central processing
unit (CPU)  To identify hardware
bit  How memory and storage are used
byte  To identify software
hardware
 How networks work
input
output
random-access
memory (RAM)
read-only memory
(ROM)
storage device
software
operating system
(OS)
network
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

personal computer Computers can be grouped by size, purpose, and number

(PC) of users.
A computer used by
one person at a time. Type of Computer Number of Size Typical User/Purpose
User at One
Time
Personal One Fits on a desk, Used by individuals for
computer (PC) on a lap, or in organizing information,
(microcomputer) a hand creating products, and
entertainment
Minicomputer Several to Occupies part Used by small to medium-
hundreds of a room sized organizations, such
as schools
Mainframe (super Thousands Room-sized Used by large corporations
computer) and government agencies
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

PCs and Macs

Personal computers are grouped by the software they use:
 PC - uses the Microsoft Windows operating system
 Mac - uses the Macintosh operating system

Examples of personal computers are:

 Desktops
 Laptops
 MP3 players
 Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

central processing How Does My Computer Work?

unit (CPU) The “brain” of a computer is the central processing
A microprocessor, or
unit (CPU). When the CPU receives and carries out an
tiny computer chip,
that receives and instruction, it has completed one cycle.
carries out all the
instructions given to Computer’s speed = number of cycles completed in
a computer.
one second

Cycles are measured in:

Megahertz (MHz) = millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz) = billions of cycles per second
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

bit Bits, Bytes, and Binary Numbers

The smallest unit of Bits and bytes are small pieces of computerized data
computerized data.
that communicate commands to a computer’s CPU:
(pg. 42)
 A bit is either a 1 or a 0 (binary digits).
byte  A byte contains eight bits.
The building block for
all information that Each letter in the English language is represented by
flows through a one byte.
computer. (pg. 42)

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

How Big Is a Terabyte?

Common storage units:
 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 bytes
 Megabyte (MB) = 1,000 bytes, or 1 million (1,000,000)
bytes
 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000 MB, or 1 billion (1,000,000,000)
bytes
 Terabyte (TB) = 1,000 GB, or 1 trillion
(1,000,000,000,000) bytes

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Types of Computers

Compare and Contrast What are some similarities and differences

between mainframe computers and personal computers?
Some similarities are:
 Both have a central processing unit (CPU).
 Both read only 1s and 0s.
 Both recognize and process bits and bytes.
 For both, speed is determined by cycles per second.
Some differences are:
 Mainframes are very large. PCs can be very small.
 Mainframes can be used by thousands of people at once. PCs can only be
used by one person at a time.
 Mainframes are used by corporations and government agencies. PCs are
used by individuals, like students!
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Hardware Basics

hardware Your computer may use hardware like the

The collection of components shown here.
physical pieces, or
components, that
make up a computer.
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Hardware Basics

Hardware can be inside or outside the computer:

 The CPU and hard drive are inside the computer.
 The keyboard, monitor, and printer are outside the
computer and must be connected by cables.

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Hardware Basics

input What Are Input and Output Devices?

Information that is Information flows between you and your computer
entered into a
through input and output devices. Examples of input
computer.
output
devices are:
Information that a  keyboard
computer produces  mouse
and delivers back to  scanner
the user.
 digital camera
 joystick
Examples of output devices are:
 monitor
 printer
 speakers

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 INPUT OUTPUT
DEVICES
A computer system needs to communicate with its
external environment its user). The Input/output
devices provide this capability to a computer system.
they are also known as peripheral devices, because
they surround a computer's cpu and memory.
INPUT DEVICE

 Inputdevices are used to enter data from outside

world into primary storage & output devices
supply the result of processing from primary
storage to users.

 Inputdevice is any peripheral (piece of computer

h/w equipment) used to provide data & control
signals to an information processing system.
Input/output devices make up the h/w interface
between a computer .
THE MOST COMMON INPUT DEVICES ARE FOLLOWING.

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Joystick
5. Trackball
 KEYBOARD
• The keyboard is the main input device for computers. For
instance, boot up a computer without a keyboard and it
stops, warning the user that no keyboard is attached.

• The keyboard is the only tool available at the command

prompt, so it is a necessity for a computer.

• It is also used in almost every application like spreadsheets,

email, word processing documents and coding.
.
 It is possible to interact with most computers solely
through the keyboard, without even a mouse, because
they are usually the default input device. Touch screens
may eventually overcome the keyboard as well, by
providing an onscreen keyboard to save space.
 The keyboard is the most common input device. It is
almost unheard of for a computer to be without some form
of keyboard, be it a full QWERTY keyboard or a smaller
number pad, such as those found on a cell phone
 MICE AND OTHER POINTING DEVICES
 Other than the keyboard, mice are the most common type
of input device.
 Nearly every computer has one, and they make
navigating the screen much easier than trying to use just
a keyboard.
 Mice usually use a ball, light, or a laser to track
movement.
 Similar peripherals, such as a touch screen or laptop's
touchpad, trackballs, graphics tablets, and even joysticks
are “pointing” input devices.
 Touch screens are becoming an increasingly popular
pointing device, and someday may replace mice
altogether.
SCANNER

 Scanners allow information such as a photo or text to be

input into a computer.
 Scanners are usually either A4 size (flatbed), as shown
below, or hand-held to scan a much smaller area.
 If text is to be scanned, you would use an Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) program to recognize the printed text
and then convert it to a digital text file that can be accessed
using a computer.
STORAGE DEVICE
 A storage device is a hardware device designed to store
information. There are two types of storage devices used
in computers; a 'primary storage' device and a 'secondary
storage' device.
 term used to describe any location where information can
be held permanently or temporarily for later use. A
computer commonly has two types of storage: internal
and external. For example, an internal storage is a device
such as a hard disk drive and an external / removable
storage is a device such as a floppy disk drive. Below are
examples of types of storage that can be found on a
computer.
CD-ROM
 Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, CD-ROM
drives are CD players inside computers that can have
speeds in the range from 1x and beyond, and have the
capability of playing audio CDs and computer data CDs.
Hard drive
 The computer's main storage media device used
to permanently store all data on the computer.
 Also referred to as a hard disk drive or
abbreviated as HD or HDD, the hard drive was
first introduced on September 13, 1956 and
consists of one or more hard disk platters inside
of air sealed casing.
 Below is a picture of the front and back of a standard CD-
ROM drive.
Output device
 An output device is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by an information processing
system (such as a computer) to the outside world.
 Incomputing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the
communication between an information
processing system (such as a computer), and the
outside world.
 Inputs are the signals or data sent to the system,
and outputs are the signals or data sent by the
system to the outside.
 SPEAKER

 Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are

speakers external to a computer, that disable the lower
fidelity built-in speaker.
 They often have a low-power internal amplifier.

 Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price.

 The computer speakers typically packaged with computer

systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound
quality. Some computer speakers have equalization
features such as bass and treble
 HEADPHONES

 Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less

commonly a single speaker, with a way of holding them
close to a user's ears and a means of connecting them to
a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio or CD
player.
 They are also known as stereo phones, headsets.

 The in-ear versions are known as earphones or ear

buds.
 In the context of telecommunication, the term headset
is used to describe a combination of headphone and
microphone used for two-way communication, for
example with a telephone.
MONITOR
 A Monitor or Display (sometimes called a visual
display unit) is an electronic visual display for
computers.
 The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry,
and an enclosure.
 The display device in modern monitors is typically a
thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)
thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube
about as deep as the screen size.
PRINTER - IMPACT AND NON IMPACT PRINTERS
Examples of Non-Impact
Examples of Impact
printers are laser printers and
printers are Dot matrix
inkjet printers.

It produces print on paper by It produces print on paper with a

striking mechanism. non-striking mechanism

It uses pins, hammers or wheel to It uses laser, spray of special ink, or

strike against an inked ribbon to heat and pressure to print on
print on a paper.. paper.

Normally impact printers use Non-Impact printers normally use

continuous paper sheet. individual paper sheets

Impact printers are normally Non-Impact printers are more

less expansive. expansive.

Impact printers are low Non-Impact printers are very

speed printers. They consume a lot of fast, they can print many pages per
time to print a document. minute.
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Hardware Basics

Identify Name three hardware components that are also input

devices, and three hardware components that are also output devices.
(Try to think of input and output devices that have not been
mentioned yet.)
Input devices include: Output devices include:
 digital camera monitor
 joystick printer
 keyboard projector
 microphone speakers
 mouse
 scanner
 touch screen
 trackball
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 INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER

Computer Memory and Storage Basics

read-only memory When Do I Use RAM and ROM?

(ROM) When you use your computer to perform any type of task,
Memory that
you are using two types of memory:
permanently stores
data and that cannot
be erased or changed. Type of Memory What Does It Do? When Is It Used?
random-access
memory (RAM) Read-only Stores permanent When you turn a
Temporary memory memory (ROM) information like telling computer on or off
that a computer uses the computer how to
to store data and start up
process information
while working in a Random-access Stores temporary When you start and
program. It is erased memory (RAM) information when you use software
when the computer is are working in a file
turned off.
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Computer Memory and Storage Basics

storage device How Is Information Stored?

Computer equipment When you save a file, you move the information from
used to store data.
RAM to a storage device. The type of storage device
Examples of storage
devices are hard depends on how much space is needed. Music and video
drive, network server, files require more storage space than text files.
floppy disk, CD, DVD,
and USB flash drive.
(pg. 46)

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Hardware Basics

Explain What do ROM and RAM stand for, and what do they do?

ROM: RAM:
 Stands for read-only  Stands for random-access
memory memory
 Is permanent memory  Is temporary memory
 Works when you turn a  Works when you start and
computer on or off use software
 Stores data even when a  Stores data only while a
computer is turned off computer is on

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BUS
 A bus is a group of conducting lines that
carriers data ,address and control signals
between CPU and memory.
PORTS
 Ports are the points on computer having
associated circuits to allow connection of external
devices with computers . Ports can be of various
types :( few are listed )
 Serial ports
 Parallel ports
 USB ports
 Network Ports
 Bluetooth Ports
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Software Basics

software Software is the set of instructions that lets you “talk” to

A set of instructions, your computer. Software translates commands into bits
also called a program or
and bytes. Different types of software have different
application, that tells a
computer how to functions:
perform tasks. (pg. 47)  Operating system (OS) software - makes your
computer work
operating system  Application software - lets you do different tasks on
(OS)
your computer
Software that controls
all the other software
 Utility software - helps you maintain your computer
programs and allows a and keep it in good running condition
computer to perform
basic tasks. (pg. 47)

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Software Basics

How Do I Use Software?

It is important to choose the right software program for
the type of task you want to do:

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INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Software Basics

What Is an Operating System?

The operating system (OS) controls all other software and
allows the hardware devices to work properly. Some
popular operating systems are:
 Microsoft Windows - for PCs
 Mac OS - for Apple computers
 Linux - for very large network computers
 Handheld operating systems - for PDAs, MP3
players, and cell phones

What Is a GUI?
Nearly all modern operating systems use a graphical
user interface (GUI). This lets users click on images
or text on the screen instead of having to type
commands.
INTRODUCING YOUR COMPUTER
Software Basics

Draw Conclusions What types of software could you use to

accomplish your school tasks?
Possible types of software and sample tasks you could accomplish with them
are:
Type of Software Sample Task
Web browsers Conduct Internet research
Instant messaging Communicate with friends
E-mail Send a file to your teacher
Word processing Write a letter, paper, or essay
Presentation Create a slide show
Spreadsheet Make calculations
Database Organize and access large amounts of information, such as
at a library
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