Basics of FACTS devices

Power System Constraints

Variables:

Es = Sending End Voltage

 = Load Angle

X= Line Impedance
 What is FACTS?
• Classification
Shunt Series Series-Shunt Series-Series
TCSC
SVC
Thyristor
Thyristor Based Static Var
Controlled Series
NONE NONE
Compensator
Capacitor
SSSC
Voltage Source STATCOM
Static UPFC IPFC
Static
Converter Synchronous
Synchronous Unified Power Interline Power
based Series Flow Controller Flow Controller
Compensator
Compensator
VAC & Pflow & Qflow Pflow & Qflow
Purpose VAC & Q control Pflow control
control control
Mechanically
Fixed Series
In the past Switched
Capacitor
NONE NONE
Capacitor/Reactor
 Basic FACTS devices in POWERGRID
Series Compensation Devices
• Fixed Series Compensator (FSC)- Controls impedance
• Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)-
Controls impedance

Shunt Compensation Devices

• Static VAR Compensator (SVC) – Controls voltage
• Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) -
Controls voltage
 FSC- Fixed Series Compensator

X of line is reduced from XL to XL - Xc

POWERGRID has 37 installations of FSC

 FSC- Fixed Series Compensator
Advantages:
1. Improvement in System Stability
2. Load Division among Parallel Line
3. Automatic Voltage Regulation

Disadvantages:
1. Sub-synchronous resonance during faults/ switching
operation
2. Switching in of an unloaded transformer at the end of a
series compensation of the line may produce non-linear
resonance or ferro resonance. This may result in
uninterrupted oscillations.
 TCSC- Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator

XL(α) = (XL *π)/ (π − 2α − sin 2α)

α = Firing Angle

Powergrid has 6 locations of TCSC Located at Gorakhpur, Purnea, Raipur

TCSC- Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
Advantages:
1. TCSC provides electromechanical damping between large
electrical systems by providing a variable capacitive
reactance.
2. TCSC changes its apparent impedance (as seen by the line
current) for sub synchronous frequencies in such a way that
a potential sub synchronous resonance is avoided.
3. Reduce System Losses
4. Improve Power Transfer Capability
5. Improve Voltage Profile of Lines
6. Damping of Active Power Oscillations
 SVC- Static VAR Compensator
Located at Kanpur, Kankroli, Ludhiana, New Wanpoh

Components of SVC
– Thyristor Controlled Reactor - TCR
– Thyristor Switched Capacitor - TSC
– Coupling Transformer & Harmonic Filter
– Control & Protection
– Optionally MSC or MSR for Steady-state
SVC- Static VAR Compensator
STATCOM- Static Synchronous Compensator
Commissioned at NP Kunta, Aurangabad, Rourkela, Ranchi,
Kishenganj, Jeypore

Components of STATCOM
– Voltage Source Converters
– Coupling Transformer
– Control & Protection
– Optional – MSC / MSR, HF filter
STATCOM- Static Synchronous Compensator
 Mechanically Switched
Dynamic Compensation Dynamic Compensation
Sl. No. Location Compensation (MVAR)
(STATCOM) (SVC)
Reactor Capacitor
Northern Region
1 Nalagarh + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 2 x 125
2 New Lucknow + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
3 New Wanpoh (+)300/(-)200 MVAR
4 Kankroli (+)400/(-)300 MVAR
5 Ludhiana (+)600/(-)400 MVAR
6 Kanpur + 280MVAR
Western Region
7 Solapur + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
8 Gwalior + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
9 Satna + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
10 Aurangabad (PG) + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
Southern Region
11 Hyderabad (PG) + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
12 Udumalpet + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
13 Trichy + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 1 x 125
14 NP Kunta + 100 MVAR - -
Eastern Region
15 Rourkela + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 -
16 Kishanganj + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 -
17 Ranchi (New) + 300 MVAR 2 x 125 -
18 Jeypore + 200 MVAR 2 x 125 2 x 125
 SVC vs STATCOM
SVC STATCOM
Response A few cycles 1~2 cycle
Not good (∝V2)
Low voltage Capability (50% of Qout at 0.7pu Good(∝V)
voltage)
Capable of supplying reactive
Fault Ride Through -
power under SLG fault
Footprint - 50~70% of SVC
Low order current
A little higher order
Harmonic Capability harmonic
(No or small HF filter)
(Necessary of filter)
Resonance Possible of resonances Very low possibility
Magnetic Field Too severe Very low
Cost - 1.2~1.5 times of SVC
Loss Less than 1.0% Less than 1.5%
Both Symmetric &
Compensation Only Symmetric
Asymmetric
 Need of STATCOM
• Improving dynamic stability of the grid.
• Providing positive damping to Oscillations.
• Providing dynamic reactive support to the
grid.
• Instrumental in enabling increased
RE integration
Thank You