Analytical Reasoning

GAT General
Muhammad Irfan Khalid

MS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
BUIC
GAT (Graduate Assessment
Test)
Analytical Reasoning
Analytical Reasoning
The term "analytic reasoning" refers to
recognizing patterns and connections in a
variety of information.
Each analytical reasoning question is a
logical puzzle, based on a given set of
conditions
Analytical reasoning questions are
presented in groups of four or five
questions. Each group is based on a short
passage followed by a set of conditions.
Analytical Reasoning test measures your
ability to analyze and to draw result from a
complex situation by applying your logic.
Analytical Reasoning questions are designed to assess the ability to
consider a group of facts and rules, and, given those facts and rules,
determine what could or must be true. The specific scenarios
associated with these questions are usually unrelated to law, since
they are intended to be accessible to a wide range of test takers.
However, the skills tested parallel those involved in determining
what could or must be the case given a set of regulations, the terms
of a contract, or the facts of a legal case in relation to the law. In
Analytical Reasoning questions, you are asked to reason deductively
from a set of statements and rules or principles that describe
relationships among persons, things, or events.
Analytical Reasoning questions appear in sets, with each set based
on a single passage. The passage used for each set of questions
describes common ordering relationships or grouping relationships,
or a combination of both types of relationships. Examples include
scheduling employees for work shifts, assigning instructors to class
sections, ordering tasks according to priority, and distributing grants
for projects.
Analytical Reasoning questions test a range of deductive
reasoning skills. These include:
Comprehending the basic structure of a set of relationships by
determining a complete solution to the problem posed (for
example, an acceptable seating arrangement of all six diplomats
around a table)
Reasoning with conditional ("if-then") statements and recognizing
logically equivalent formulations of such statements
Inferring what could be true or must be true from given facts and
rules
Inferring what could be true or must be true from given facts and
rules together with new information in the form of an additional or
substitute fact or rule
Recognizing when two statements are logically equivalent in
context by identifying a condition or rule that could replace one of
the original conditions while still resulting in the same possible
outcomes
Analytical reasoning Types
Seating Arrangements
 Sequencing
 Combinations
 Comparisons
 Selections
 Ranking
Relations
Grouping
Techniques used for Analytical
problem solving
Van Diagrams
Math Operators
Line up representation
Equations
Table representation
Diagrams & Notations
Basic Linear Sequence Game set up
If then Notation:
Grouping Game Diagrams
Math Symbols
And ^
 Or v
Not ~
If, then ⊃
Same as ,Same age, same Seat, work Together =
Not same, can not sit together, Can not work
together ≠
Greater than, older >
At least ≥
At most ≤
Less than, younger <
Any good diagramming system must
be:
Fast – you must be able to express ideas in

shorthand to save time
Neat – messy notations will cost you points
Easy to Understand – You must instantly

understand what your notations mean
1: Entities
One of the first steps in setting up your diagram is write down a letter or
number to represent each of your entites. Each game will have a list of
entities that will be placed into an order or groups or both. Start by
writing down this list of entites. For example: you are told that there are 5
different dogs in a race and they are a Labrador, Mixed Breed,
Newfoundland, Poodle, and a Schauzer. Record this list of entities as
follows:
 L M N P S
Notice that we only used one letter for Mixed Breed. There is no sense in
confusing yourself with additional letters. Keep it to one letter per entity.
Also notice that the entities are given in alphabetical order. However,
they will often leave our a letter or two to confuse you. Some students
will unwittingly insert that letter by force of habit. For example in this
question many students might just add in the letter O because the are
used to O following L M N. Make sure your list of entities matches those
given.
Now that we have our list of entities we can move on to the diagram
itself.
2: Basic Linear Sequence Game set
up
A Linear Sequence Game will ask you to place a set of entities in order.
This could be expressed in a number of ways including: 1st to 6th, First
to Last, Monday to Friday, Top to Bottom, Front to Back, etc.
In order to make a place for each entity in your diagram simply put an
underline for each space where an entity will go. So if we are told to list
five dogs in order from fastest to slowest we can set up our game as
follows:
 ___ ___ ___ ___ ____
We now have 5 spots for our 5 dogs. If you want you could put F and S
at the ends of the diagram to represent that it goes from Fastest to
Slowest. This is usually not necessary and can waste time when you
are re-drawing your diagram. If you chose to include this extra notation
make sure that the F and S do not match any of your entities. For
example if you had a Schnauzer as one of your dog types you would
not want to have S for Schauzer and S for slowest. One way you can
avoid this is to put the f and s for fast and slow in lower case.
3: Fixed Entity
If we are told that an entity is placed in one spot then we can
just fill that directly into the diagram. This is the easiest type
of rule to include. For example if we are told that the
Schnauzer will be 3rd fastest then we can include it as follows:
 ____ ____ __S__ ____ _____
Not in that spot: If we are told that a particular entity does not
go in a particular spot we should add that directly to our
diagram by putting the entity under that spot and desginating
that it does not go there. There are number of ways to
desginate that the entity does not go there. You can put a slash
through it, or put ~ in front of the entity. Find one that works
best for you. For example if we are told the the Poodle is not the
fastest dog we can include it in our diagram as follows:
__p__ _____ ___S__ ______ ______
4: Here or There Pair notation:
This notation is used when two entities are

going to fill two spots but we don’t know
which entity is in which spot. For example if
K and T must be in spots 2 and 3. We know
we either have K in 2 and T in 3 or T in 2
and K in 3.
The way to express this with the Here or
There Pair notation is as follows:
 ____ __K/T__ __T/K__ ___
____
5: If then Notation
Use an arrow for If then statements.
Just rewrite the if then statement replacing
If and then with arrows. Also
remember to shorten the entity to the first
letter.
For example the statement: If Albert is
included then Bert is also included. Can be
expressed as:
 A B
6: Spots Between notation:
If we are told that entities are a specific
number of spots apart simply insert that
many blank lines between them. For
example: Two runners come after Sarah but
before Fred. Can be expressed as
S __ __ F
This can be combined with the Here or
There Pair notation.
Example: Two runners come between Sarah
and Fred.
S/F ___ ___ F/S
Example: 1
 7 persons live in a street, having houses in
line. Consider the following:
1. A lives in the corner’s house
2. 2. C is between E and G
3. 3. There is 1 house between D and F
4. 4. F is neighbor of G
5. 5. There are two houses between A and G
7 Persons A,B,C,D,E,F,G
7 persons live in a street
We can make
X X X X X X X
1.A lives in the corner’s house
So, there are two possibilities:
A X X X X X X
X X X X X X A
2. C is between E and G
Here, also two possibilities:
E C G
G C E
3. There is 1 house between D and F
Two possibilities:
D X F
F X D
4. F is neighbor of G
2 possibilities
F G or G F
There are two houses between A and G
A X X G
G X X A
Two houses between A and G: A X X G
C is between E and G: A E C G
F is neighbor of G: A E C G F
1 house between D and F A E C G F X D
And finally: A E C G F B D
Example: 2
As part of their sports physical, seven
college athletes F, G, H, I, J, K and L are
being weighed. In announcing the results of
the physical exams, the coach has given
the following information.
i. None of the athletes is exactly the same
weight as another athlete.
ii. K is heavier than L, but lighter than H.
iii. I is heavier than J
iv. Both F and G are heavier than H.
We Can Make Such relations from Given
Information
1: Seven College athletes are
F G H I J K L
i. None of the athletes is exactly the same
weight as another athlete. So we can
represent as
F > G > H > I > J > K> L
ii. K is heavier than L, but lighter than H.
H >K>L
iii. I is heavier than J

I>J
iv. Both F and G are heavier than H.
F>G>H OR G>F>H

So the overall relation for Given athlete
becomes
H >K>L
F>G>H>k>L OR G>F>H>k>L
Where I > J can be adjusted anywhere in
Above relations
Any Single Athlete or more can be possible
between I & J
Such as I>F>J, I>J>G, I>H>K>J
Question. 1: Each of the following could
be true EXCEPT
A. F is the heaviest.
B. G is the heaviest.
C. I is the heaviest.
D. More than three athletes are heavier
than K.
E. More than three athletes are lighter than
K.
Answer is E
As Maximum three athletes can be lighter
than K
F>G>H>k>L >I>J OR G>F>H>k>L>I>J
Question.2: Which of the following, if true,
would be sufficient to determine which
athlete is the lightest?
A. I is the heaviest
B. I is lighter than K
C. K is heavier than J
D. J is heavier than K
E. Exactly five students are lighter than F.
Answer is D
If J is heavier than K then simply L will be
the Lightest
F>G>H>k>L OR G>F>H>k>L and I>J
before K
Question. 3: If J is heavier than F, how many
different rankings by weight, of the athletes are
possible?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
Answer is D
As F>G>H>k>L OR G>F>H>k>L & I>J>F
If J>F then following relations can be possible
I>J> F>G>H>k>L
 I>J>G>F>H>k>L
 I>G>J>F>H>K>L
G>I>J>F>H>K>L
Question. 4:
If H is heavier than I, which of the following CANNOT be
true?
A. I’s weight is equal to the average of F’s weight and
G’s weight.
B. I’s weight is equal to the average of K’s weight and L’s
weight
C. J’s weight is equal to the average of K’s weight and L’s
weight
D. J is the second lightest.
Answer is A
As H>I so possible relations can be
F>G>H>k>I>L >J OR G>F>H>I>k>J>L
QUESTIONS?

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GAT General

Muhammad Irfan Khalid

Fast – you must be able to express ideas in

Neat – messy notations will cost you points

Easy to Understand – You must instantly

This notation is used when two entities are

iii. I is heavier than J

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