Objectives Overview

Discuss the types of Identify risks and

Explain the options
devices available that safeguards associated
available for backing up
protect computers from with wireless
computer resources
system failure communications

Recognize issues related

Discuss ways to prevent
to information accuracy, Discuss issues
health-related disorders
intellectual property surrounding information
and injuries due to
rights, codes of conduct, privacy
computer use
and green computing

See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 1

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could

cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,
software, data, information, or processing capability
• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate Spies

Unethical
Cyberextortionists Cyberterrorists
Employees

Pages 556 - 557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2

Chapter 11
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks

Pages 556 – 557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4

Figure 11-1 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

Computer
Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit
Virus
• Affects a • Copies itself • A malicious • Program that
computer repeatedly, program that hides in a
negatively by using up hides within computer
altering the resources or looks like and allows
way the and possibly a legitimate someone
computer shutting program from a
works down the remote
computer or location to
network take full
control

Page 558 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 5

Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

• An infected computer has one or more of the

following symptoms:
Operating system Available memory Screen displays
Files become
runs much slower is less than unusual message
corrupted
than usual expected or image

Unknown
Music or unusual Programs or files
Existing programs programs or files
sound plays do not work
and files disappear mysteriously
randomly properly
appear

Operating system
System properties Operating system
shuts down
change does not start up
unexpectedly

Pages 558 - 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6

Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

Page 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7

Figure 11-3 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

Page 561 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 8

Figure 11-6 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

• Users can take several

precautions to protect
their home and work
computers and mobile
devices from these
malicious infections

Page 560 – 561 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 9

Figure 11-7 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a

network
– A compromised computer is known as a zombie
• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to
Internet services
– Distributed DoS (DDoS)
• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that
allow users to bypass security controls
• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or
Internet transmission appear legitimate
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click DoS Attacks
below Chapter 11

Pages 562 - 563 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10

Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that

protects a network’s resources from intrusion

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Firewalls
below Chapter 11

Pages 563 - 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 11

Figure 11-8 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks

Intrusion detection software

• Analyzes all network traffic
• Assesses system vulnerabilities
• Identifies any unauthorized intrusions
• Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior
patterns or system breaches
Honeypot
• Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to
break into it
Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12
Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use

Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the

the use of a computer or use of a computer or its
network without data for unapproved or
permission possibly illegal activities

Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 13

Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use

• Organizations take
several measures to
help prevent
unauthorized access
and use
– Acceptable use policy
– Disable file and printer
sharing
– Firewalls
– Intrusion detection
software

Page 565 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 14

Figure 11-10 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use

• Access controls define who can access a

computer, when they can access it, and what
actions they can take
– Two-phase processes called identification and
authentication
– User name
– Password
– Passphrase
– CAPTCHA
Pages 565 – 567 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 15
Figure 11-11 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use

• A possessed object is any • A biometric device

item that you must carry to authenticates a person’s
gain access to a computer identity by translating a
or computer facility personal characteristic into
– Often are used in a digital code that is
combination with a personal compared with a digital
identification number (PIN) code in a computer

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Biometric Devices
below Chapter 11

Page 568 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 16

Figure 11-14 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and

analysis of evidence found on computers and
networks
• Many areas use digital forensics
Law Criminal Military
enforcement prosecutors intelligence

Information
Insurance
security
agencies
departments
Page 569 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 17
Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism

Hardware vandalism
Hardware theft is the
is the act of defacing
act of stealing
or destroying
computer equipment
computer equipment

Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18

Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies

and schools use a variety of security measures
Cables to lock
Physical access controls Alarm systems
equipment

Real time location Passwords, possessed

system objects, and biometrics

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click RTLS
below Chapter 11

Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 19

Figure 11-15 Chapter 11
Software Theft

• Software theft occurs when someone:

Steals software Intentionally

media erases programs

Illegally
Illegally copies a registers and/or
program activates a
program
Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 20
Chapter 11
Software Theft

• A single-user license agreement typically contains the

following conditions:
Permitted to
• Install the software on one computer
• Make one copy of the software
• Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it

Not permitted to
• Install the software on a network
• Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software
• Export the software
• Rent or lease the software
Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 21
Chapter 11
Software Theft

• Copying, loaning,
borrowing, renting, or
distributing software
can be a violation of
copyright law
• Some software requires
product activation to
function fully
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Business Software
Alliance below Chapter 11

Pages 571 – 572 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 22

Figure 11-16 Chapter 11
Information Theft

• Information theft occurs when someone steals

personal or confidential information
• Encryption is a process of converting readable
data into unreadable characters to prevent
unauthorized access

Pages 572 - 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 23

Figure 11-17 Chapter 11
Information Theft

Page 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 24

Figure 11-18 Chapter 11
Information Theft

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a

person, Web site, or organization attaches to an
electronic message to verify the identity of the
sender
– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not
participating in an Internet transaction
• Web browsers and Web sites use encryption
techniques

Page 574 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 25

Chapter 11
Information Theft

• Popular security techniques include

Digital Transport Layer

Certificates Security (TLS)

Secure HTTP VPN

Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Digital Certificates
below Chapter 11

Pages 574 - 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 26

Chapter 11
System Failure

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a

computer
• A variety of factors can lead to system failure,
including:
– Aging hardware
– Natural disasters
– Electrical power problems
• Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages
– Errors in computer programs
Page 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 27
Chapter 11
System Failure

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused

by electrical power variations include surge
protectors and uninterruptable power supplies
(UPS)

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Surge Protectors
below Chapter 11

Page 576 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 28

Figures 11-21 – 11-22 Chapter 11
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk

that can be used if the original is lost, damaged,
or destroyed
– To back up a file means to make a copy of it
• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate
from the computer site
Cloud
Storage

Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 29

Chapter 11
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• Two categories of • Three-generation

backups: backup policy
– Full backup
Grandparent
– Selective backup

Parent

Child

Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 30

Chapter 11
Wireless Security

• Wireless access poses additional security risks

– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security
protection
• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless
networks while driving a vehicle through the area

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click War Driving
below Chapter 11

Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 31

Figure 11-23 Chapter 11
Wireless Security

• In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards

improve security of wireless networks:
A wireless access
Change the default
point should not
SSID
broadcast an SSID

Configure a WAP
so that only Use WPA or WPA2
certain devices can security standards
access it
Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 32
Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use

• The widespread use of

computers has led to
health concerns
– Repetitive strain injury
(RSI)
• Tendonitis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS)
– Computer vision
syndrome (CVS)

Page 579 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 33

Figure 11-24 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use

Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 34

Figure 11-25 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Ergonomics is an
applied science devoted
to incorporating
comfort, efficiency, and
safety into the design of
items in the workplace

Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 35

Figure 11-26 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer

consumes someone’s entire social life
• Symptoms of users include:
Craves Overjoy when Unable to stop
computer at the computer
time computer activity

Irritable when Neglects Problems at

not at the family and work or
computer friends school
Page 581 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 36
Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• Computer ethics are

the moral guidelines
that govern the use of
computers and
information systems
• Information accuracy is
a concern
– Not all information on
the Web is correct

Pages 581 – 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 37

Figure 11-28 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators

are entitled for their work

• A copyright protects any tangible form of expression

An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps

determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or
unethical

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Digital Rights
Management
below Chapter 11
Page 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 38
Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Page 583 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 39

Figure 11-29 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity

and environmental waste while using a computer

Pages 583 – 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 40

Figure 11-30 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• Information privacy refers to the right of

individuals and companies to deny or restrict the
collection and use of information about them
• Huge databases store data online
• It is important to safeguard your information

Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 41

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 42

Figure 11-31 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• When you fill out a

form, the merchant that
receives the form
usually enters it into a
database
• Many companies today
allow people to specify
whether they want
their personal
information distributed
Page 585 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 43
Figure 11-32 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on

your computer
• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:

Assist with
Allow for Store users’
online
personalization passwords
shopping

Track how
Target
Click to view Web Link, often users
click Chapter 11, Click Web advertisements
Link from left navigation,
then click Cookies
visit a site
below Chapter 11

Pages 585 – 586 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 44

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• Spam is an unsolicited
e-mail message or
newsgroup posting
• E-mail filtering blocks
e-mail messages from
designated sources
• Anti-spam programs
attempt to remove
spam before it reaches
your inbox

Page 587 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 45

Figure 11-34 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

• The concern about privacy has led to the

enactment of federal and state laws regarding the
storage and disclosure of personal data
– See Figure 11-36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.
government laws concerning privacy
• The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the
rights of others viewing a credit report to only
those with a legitimate business need

Page 588 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 46

Chapter 11
Summary

Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks and

the safeguards safeguards

Ethical issues surrounding

information accuracy,
Computer-related health intellectual property rights,
issues and preventions codes of conduct, green
computing, and information
privacy
Page 591 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 47
Chapter 11