ENGINEERING MECHANICS

K Chaitanya
Mummareddy
M.Tech, IITG
Associate Professor and HOD of
Mechanical Engineering

Malineni Perumallu Educational

Society͛s group of IŶstitutioŶs
Guntur
Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 1
System of Forces: Several forces acting simultaneously upon a body

System of
Forces

Non-
Coplanar coplanar
2D 3D

Concurrent Non- Non-

concurrent Concurrent concurrent

Parallel General Parallel General

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 2

Coplanar System of Forces 2D

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 3

Non-Coplanar System of Forces 3D

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 4

 Method of approach to solve CONCURRENT and NON CONCURRENT FORCE Systems

Problem

2-D 3-D

Concurrent Non-concurrent Concurrent Non Concurrent

Not equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium Not Equilibrium Equilibrium Not Equilibrium Equilibrium
(Resultant) (Unknowns)
(Resultant) (Unknowns) (Resultant) (Unknowns) (Resultant) (Unknowns)
--- --- --- -
1.Parallelogram Law 1.Choose a reference ΣFx=0 -R=
Fx=0 F1+F2+F3 --- --- --- -- -- --
Point ΣFy=0 R= 0 R= F1+F2+F3…. --- ---
2.Triangle law Fy=0 R= 0
2.Shift all the forces --- --- --- ---
3.Polygon law ΣMz=0 --- --- -- M = M1+M2+M3....
to a point --- ---
4.Method of -- --- --- M= 0
projections 3.Find the resultant F1+F2+F3,,
force and couple at =0 rOPͯ R = M
that point ΣFx=0 , ΣMx=0
ΣFx=0
4.Reduce the force- ΣFy=0, ΣMy=0
couple system to a ΣFy=0
ΣFz=0, ΣMz=0
single force ΣFz=0,

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 5

Method of approach to solve Coplanar (2D) problems

Problem

2-D

Concurrent Non-concurrent

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium (Resultant) (Unknowns)
(Resultant) (Unknowns)

1.Choose a reference Point

1. Parallelogram Law ΣFx=0
2. Triangle law 2.Shift all the forces to a point
F x=0 ΣFy=0
3. Polygon law 3.Find the resultant force and
Fy=0 couple at that point ΣMz=0
4. Method of projections
4.Reduce the force-couple
system to a single force

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 6

 Problem
Determine the resultant of the following figure

Problem – 2D- Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 7
Problem solution
Force Mag x  comp y  comp

F1 150 150 cos 30 150Sin30

F2 80  80 sin 20  80Cos20

F3 110 0 110

F4 100 100 cos15 100 sin15
Resultant is R F 
x 
 199.1
F X2  
F
F  14.3
Yy 2

R  199.12 14.32

Direction is
R  199.6N
14.3 N
tan  
199.1N
Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya
  4.1 8
Problem
The resultant of the four concurrent forces as shown in Fig
acts along Y-axis and is equal to 300N. Determine the forces
P and Q.

 F x
 0

F y
 R  300N

Problem – 2D- Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 9
Problem solution
Force Mag x  comp y  comp
 800 800 0
F1
 380  380 0
F2 5
 Q  QSin45  QCos4
F3
 P  PSin50  PCos5
F4 0
 F x  0 F x
 800  380  QSin45  Psin 50  0

F y
 R  300N F y
 QCos45  PCos50  R  300

P = 511 N
Q =- 40.3N
Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 10
Problem
Determine the resultant of the following figure

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 11

Resultant of General forces in a plane –
Coplanar non-concurrent
Step 1: Choose a reference point
Step 2: Shift all the forces to a point

Step 3: Find the resultant force Step 4: Reduce resultant force

and moment of forces about COopyright 2014 M K Chaitanya
and moment to a single force 12
 Resultant – Non-concurrent
Problem solution: general forces in a plane
Step:1: Choose A as reference Point Step:2: Shift all forces to point A

Step 3: Find resultant force and couple Step:4: Reduce it to a single force

x = 1880/600
x = 3.13m

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 13

Problem Determine the resultant of the following figure

Problem – 2D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 14

 Resultant –Problem
Non-concurrent general forces in a plane
solution
Determine the resultant force of the non-concurrent forces as shown in
Example:
plate aŶd distaŶce of the resultaŶt force froŵ poiŶt ͚O͛.

Step:1 Step:2

Step:3 Step:4

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 15

Problem Find tension in the string and reaction at B

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 16

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 17

Types of supports and reaction forces (2D)

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 18

 Find T, Rb
FBD of C
Problem solution
W=30N

SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ aŶd the foƌĐes aƌe ĐoŶĐuƌƌeŶt ……

∑FX=0; Rb - T Cos600 = Ϭ……………ϭ

T= 34.64N
∑FY=0; T Sin600 – W= Ϭ……………….Ϯ Rb = 17.32N

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 19

Problem Find the reactions at A,B,C,D AND at F, Given W=100N

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 20

W=100N
Find Ra, Rb and Rc

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

ĐoŶĐuƌƌeŶt ……

∑FX=0; Rf Cos600 - Rc Sin600 = Ϭ ………ϭ

∑FY=0; Rf Sin600 + Rc Cos600 - W(ϭϬϬͿ = Ϭ…...Ϯ

Rf=86.6N Rc=50N

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces

are
ĐoŶĐuƌƌeŶt ……

∑FX=0; -Rb sin600 - Rf Cos600 + Ra = Ϭ ………..…ϭ

∑FY=0; Rb Cos600 - Rf Sin600 – W = Ϭ…………..Ϯ

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya RRab==346.4N

350N 21
Problem Find T1, T2 , T3 and θ

Problem – 2D - Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 22

Problem
Find T1, T2 , T3 and θ

Problem solution:

FBD of A FBD of B

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 23

 Problem solution
Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are
ĐoŶĐuƌƌeŶt ……

FBD of A ∑FX=0; T2 – T1Sin 350 = Ϭ……….…ϭ T1=48.8N

∑FY=0; T1 Cos350 - W(ϰϬNͿ= Ϭ…...Ϯ T2=28.0N

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are

ĐoŶĐuƌƌeŶt ……

∑FX=0; -T2 + T3Sin θ0 = 0 ……….…1

T3=57.3N
FBD of B
∑FY=0; T3 Cos θ0 - W(50N) = 0…...2
θ=Ϯ9.ϯN

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 24

Types of supports and reaction forces (2D)

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 25

Problem Determine the reactions at A and B

Problem – 2D - Non Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 26

Problem solution

Since the body is in equilibrium and the forces are general

foƌĐes theŶ……

∑FX=0; Rax = Ϭ……………………….…ϭ

Rby=30N
∑FY=0; Ray + Rby - 40 = Ϭ…...........Ϯ Ray=10N
∑MA=0; (Rby*L) – ϰϬ*;ϯL/ϰͿ = Ϭ……ϯ Rax=0N

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 27

 A man raises a 10 kg joist, of length 4 m, by pulling on a rope.
Problem Find the tension in the rope and the reaction at A.

SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ theŶ…….

∑FX=0; Rx – Tc*Cos200= Ϭ……….…ϭ Tc=82N

Rx=77.1N
∑FY=0; Ry - Tc* Sin200 - W(98.1) = Ϭ….........Ϯ
Ry=126.14N
∑MA=0; -(W*L/2) + (Tc*Cos200*4Sin450) –(Tc*Sin200*4*Cos450Ϳ= Ϭ……ϯ

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 28

 Determine the reaction at C and the reaction at E, Given P=200N
Problem

From the freebody diagram of AB .SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ theŶ…… ……

∑FX=0; Rx + P*Cos300= Ϭ…………..…ϭ

∑FY=0; Ry + Rc- PSin300 = Ϭ…….........Ϯ RC=150N

∑MA=0; (Rc* 2.44) - (PSin300* ϯ.66Ϳ = Ϭ……….ϯ

CONTINUES……..

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 29

From the freebody diagram of DE .SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ theŶ…… ……

∑FX=0; Rx - RE Sin600= Ϭ…………..…ϭ

∑FY=0; Ry – RC+ RECos600 = Ϭ…….........Ϯ RE=100N

∑MD=0; (RC*1.22) - (RECos600 * ϯ.66Ϳ = Ϭ……….ϯ

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 30

 A roller weighting 2000N Problem
rests on a inclined bar weighting 800N as
shown in Fig. Assuming the weight of bar negligible, determine the
reactions at D and C and reaction in bar AB.

Problem – 2D – (Both Concurrent & Non Concurrent

- Equilibrium)

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 31

 Problem
FBD of Figure

Concurrent

Non Concurrent

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 32

 Problem

Equilibrium of Concurrent force system

From the free body diagram of ball .SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ theŶ…… ……

∑FX=0; R1 – R2*Sin300= Ϭ…………..…ϭ

R1=1154.7N
∑FY=0; R2 *Cos300 -2000 = Ϭ…….........Ϯ
R2=2309.4N

CONTINUES……..

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 33

 Problem

Equilibrium of Non Concurrent force system

From the freed body diagram of ROD .SiŶĐe the ďody is iŶ eƋuiliďƌiuŵ theŶ…… ……

∑FX=0; -Hc + R2*Sin300= Ϭ…………..…ϭ

Hc=1154.7N
∑FY=0; RD + Vc -R2*Cos300 - 800 = Ϭ…….........Ϯ
Vc=1333.3N
∑MC=0; (RD* 5 Cos300) - (800* 2.5 Cos 300) - R2*Ϯ = Ϭ……….ϯ
RD=1466.7N

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 34

Method of approach to solve NON COPLANAR (3D) STATIC problems

Problem

3-D

Concurrent Non Concurrent

Not equilibrium Equilibrium

Not Equilibrium Equilibrium
(Resultant) (Unknowns)
(Resultant) (Unknowns)
--- ---
--- --- --- -- R= 0
--- -- -- --
R = F1+F2+Fϯ …… --- --- -- -- R= F1+F2+F3…. --- ---
F1+F2+Fϯ….= 0 --- --- --- --- R= 0
M = M1+M2+M3.... --- ---
ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0 M= 0
--- ---
ΣFz=0, rOPͯ R = M
ΣFx=0 , ΣMx=0
ΣFy=0, ΣMy=0
ΣFz=0, ΣMz=0
Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 35
Resultant of Concurrent Forces In 3D

R  F AB  F AC  F AD
  

R  F AB
.  AB
 F AC
.  AC
 F AD
.  AB

AB AC AD
R  F AB . A B  F AC .  F AD
.
AC AD

R   Fx i +  Fy j +  Fz k
cos  x   Fx
R

cos  y 
 Fy
R

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya cos  z 

 Fz 36
R
Problem Determine the Resultant acting at A

Problem – 3D- Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 37

Example:1 Determine the Resultant acting at A

R  Fab  Fac

F ab  F AB
.  AB

{ -2 i - 6 j 3 k}
F ab  840 *
. (-2 )2  ( 6 2 )  3 2

F ac  F AC
.  AC

{3i - 6 j 
F ac  420 *
( 3 ) 2  (  6 2 ) 2 k2}2

R  F ab  F ac R  - 60i - 1080j  480k

Magnitude of Resultant is  (-60)2  (10802 )  4802  1183.3N

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 38
 R  - 60i - 1080j  480k
Magnitude of Resultant is

 (-60)2  (10802 )  4802  1183.3N

 60
Cos  x

1183.3 ;
x  930

1080 

0
y 
155.8
 Cos 
1183.3 ; y

480
Cos
z
 1183.3 ;  z  660

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 39

Resultant of Concurrent Forces In 3D

r OP RMO

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 40

Problem
Determine the Resultant non concurrent of the
forces (3D)

Problem – 3D- Non Concurrent - Resultant

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 41

Transfer all forces about O to get a force and
couple system

R  F  500k - 300k  200k -

50k R  350k

M O
 ( r O A  50 k )  ( r O B  200 k )  ( r O C  300 k )

M O
 ((0.35j  0.5i)  50 k )  (0.5i  200 k )  (0.35j  300 k )

M O
 87.5i - 125j

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 42

Reduce the force couple system to a
single force

r  R  MO
OP

(x i  y j  z k)  (350k)  87.5i -125j

x  0.375m, y  0.25m

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 43

 Problem
Given: A 1500N plate, as shown, is
supported by three cables and is in
equilibrium.

Find: Tension in each of the cables.

Problem – 3D- Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 44

Equilibrium of 3D concurrent forces

--- ---
R= 0
--- --- -- --
F1+F2+Fϯ….= 0
ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0
ΣFz=0,

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 45

 y
W
FBD of Point A:

x
FAD
z
FAB FAC

The particle A is in equilibrium, hence

FAB  FAC  FAD  W  0

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 46

 
F AB  F AB
.  AB

{ -6 i - 1 2 j 
F AB  F *
AB
( - 6 ) 2  (  1 2 2 )4k4} 2 .

F AC  F AC
.  AC

{ -4 i - 1 2 j 
F AC  F *
AC 6 k 2}  (  1 2 2 )  (  6 ) 2
(-4)

F AD  F AD
.  AD

{6i - 12 j 
F AD  F *
AD 4 )k2 } (  1 2 2 )  (  4 ) 2
(6

W 
1 5 02014
Copyright 0 j M K Chaitanya 47
 FAB  FAC  FAD  W  0

Solving the three simultaneous equations gives

FAB = 858 N
FAC = 0 N
FA = 858 N
D

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 48

Problem Example – 3D Equilibrium
Three cables are used to tether a balloon as shown. Determine the
vertical force P exerted by the balloon at A knowing that the tension
in cable AB is 60 N.

y
P

x
FAD
z
FAB FAC

FAB  FAC  FAD  P 0

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 49
Types of supports and reaction forces (3D)

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 50

Types of supports and reaction forces (3D)

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 51

 Problem
Given: Determine the reaction in the string CD and reactions at B. A ball and socket
joint at A

Problem – 3D- Non Concurrent - Equilibrium

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 52

Equilibrium of 3D Non concurrent forces
--- ---
R= 0
--- --- --
--
F1+F2+Fϯ….=
0

--- ---
M= 0
--- --- --
--
M1+M2+Mϯ
….= 0

ΣFx=0 ,
ΣMx=0
Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 53
Problem Solution

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 54

M 0
A

(r  T
1 CD )  ( r 2  2i)  ( r 3  ( B y j  B z k )  0
CD
 (6 j  2.5k)  2i  (6 j  4.5i)  (B
(6 j - 3k)  T y j  Bzk )  0
CD
CD

TCD  2.83kN BY
 4.06kN BZ 
0.417kN AX
 3.05kN AY
 1.556kN
AZ  1.250kN

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 55

References
• Engg. Mechanics ,Timoshenko & Young.
• 2.Engg. Mechanics, R.K. Bansal , Laxmi publications
• 3.Engineering Mechanics,Fedinand.L.Singer , Harper – Collins.
• 4. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics, A Nelson, Mc Gra Hill
publications
• 5. Engg. Mechanics Umesh Regl, Tayal.
• 6. Engineering Mechanics by N H Dubey
• 7. Engineering Mechanics , statics – J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn – Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
• 8. Engineering Mechanics , dynamics – J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn – Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
• 9. Mechanics For Engineers , statics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston 5th Edn Mc Graw
Hill Publ.
• 10.Mechanics For Engineers, dynamics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston – 5th Edn Mc
Graw Hill Publ.
• 11. www.google.com
• 12. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 56

THANK YOU

Copyright 2014 M K Chaitanya 57