Mix Design

MIX DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate, water and admixtures in required proportions. The
mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure becomes
hard like stone.
• The hardening is caused by chemical action between water and
the cement due to which concrete grows stronger with age.
• It is the most widely-used man-made construction material in
the world.
CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
• Admixtures
TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES
1. NOMINAL MIX
Mixes of fixed proportions, IS:456-2000 permits nominal mixes
for concretes of strength M20 or lower
2. DESIGN MIX
Designed on the basis of requirements of the concrete in fresh
and hardened states.
TRIAL MIXES
Prepared to verify whether the Design Mix would perform as per
the assumptions. If appreciable variation exists, the available
alternatives are:
1. directly employ the trial mix proportions at the site
2. modify the trial mix proportions on the basis of intuition and
employ the revised proportions at the site
3. prepare further trial mixes incorporating changes in the
proportions based on the feedback generated from the previous
mix
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
DEFINITION
“ Mix Design is the science of determining the relative
proportions of the ingredients of concrete to achieve the desired
properties in the most economical way.”
PRINCIPLES OF MIX DESIGN
1 The environment exposure condition for the structure
2 The grade of concrete, their characteristic strength’s and
standard deviations
3 The type of cement
4 The types and sizes of aggregates and their sources of
supply
5 The nominal maximum sizes of aggregates
6 Maximum and minimum cement content in kg/m3
7 Water cement ratio
8 The degree of workability of concrete based on placing
conditions
9. Air content inclusive of entrained air
10 The maximum/minimum density of concrete
11The maximum/minimum temperature of fresh
concrete
12 Type of water available for mixing and curing
13 The source of water and the impurities present in it.
FACTORS DEFINING THE CHOICE OF
MIX PROPORTIONS
1. Compressive Strength
2. Workability
3. Durability
4. Type, size and grading of aggregates
5. Aggregate-cement ratio
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Abram’s Law
log F = log A1 – x log B1
where F is the compressive strength
A1, B1 are constants and
x is the w/c ratio by weight
• WORKABILITY
“that property of freshly mixed concrete which
determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can
be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished.”
• DURABILITY
“the resistance to weathering action due to
environmental conditions such as changes in
temperature and humidity, chemical attack, abrasion,
frost and fire.”
METHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
1. American Concrete Institute Committee 211 method
2. Bureau of Indian Standards Recommended method IS
10262-82
3. Road note No. 4 (Grading Curve) method
4. Department Of Environment (DOE - British) method
5. Trial and Adjustment Method
6. Fineness modulus method
7. Maximum density method
8. Indian Road Congress, IRC 44 method
American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design
(a) Data to be collected :
(i ) Fineness modulus of selected F.A.
(ii ) Unit weight of dry rodded coarse aggregate.
(iii ) Sp. gravity of coarse and fine aggregates in SSD
condition
(iv ) Absorption characteristics of both coarse and fine
aggregates.
(v ) Specific gravity of cement.
(b) From the minimum strength specified, estimate the
average design strength by using standard deviation.
(c) Find the water/cement ratio from the strength and
durability points of view. Adopt the lower value.
(d) Decide the maximum size of aggregate to be used. Generally
for RCC work 20 mm and pre-stressed concrete 10 mm size are
used.
(e) Decide workability in terms of slump for the given job.
(f ) The total water in kg/m3 of concrete is determined,
corresponding to the selected slump and selected maximum size
of aggregate.
(g ) Cement content is computed by dividing the total water
content by the water/cement ratio.
(h) Select the bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate per
unit volume of concrete, for the particular maximum size of
coarse aggregate and fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
( j ) The weight of C.A. per cubic meter of concrete is calculated
by multiplying the bulk volume with bulk density.
(k ) The solid volume of coarse aggregate in one cubic meter of
concrete is calculated by knowing the specific gravity of C.A.
(l ) Similarly the solid volume of cement, water and volume of air
is calculated in one cubic meter of concrete.
(m) The solid volume of FA is computed by subtracting from the
total volume of concrete the solid volume of cement, CA, water
and entrapped air.
(n) Weight of fine aggregate is calculated by multiplying the solid
volume of fine aggregate by specific gravity of F.A.
• ACI METHOD: DESIGN EXAMPLE
Design a concrete mix for the construction of an elevated
water tank. The specified design strength of concrete
(characteristic strength) is 30 MPa at 28 days measured on
standard cylinders. Standard deviation can be taken as 4
MPa. The specific gravity of FA and C.A. are 2.65 and 2.7
respectively. The dry rodded bulk density of C.A. is 1600
kg/m3, and fineness modulus of FA is 2.80. Ordinary
Portland cement (Type I) will be used. A slump of 50 mm
is necessary. C.A. is found to be absorptive to the extent
of 1% and free surface moisture in sand is found to be 2
per cent. Assume any other essential data.
1 Mean Cylinder Compressive Strength
Assuming 5 per cent of results are allowed to fall below
specified design strength,
The mean strength,
fm= fmin + ks
= 30 + 1.64 x 4
= 36.5 MPa
2 Water/cement ratio
• Strength criteria
• Durability criteria
3 Mixing Water Content
Slump = 50 mm
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Concrete is non air-entrained

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MIX DESIGN

• Concrete is obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse

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