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    Acidosis and Alkalosis

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    prayitno mulyani
    This document discusses acidosis and alkalosis, defining them as increased or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood respectively. It describes the normal and extreme pH ranges for blood and the compensatory mechanisms that work to restore pH levels. Respiratory and metabolic causes of acidosis and alkalosis are outlined, examining uncompensated vs compensated states. Key indicators for each condition like bicarbonate, carbonic acid, pCO2 and pH levels are compared. Observations of these values are important for clinical diagnosis and understanding the severity of acid-base imbalances.

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    Acidosis and Alkalosis

    Uploaded by

    prayitno mulyani
    74 views19 pages
    This document discusses acidosis and alkalosis, defining them as increased or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood respectively. It describes the normal and extreme pH ranges for blood and the compensatory mechanisms that work to restore pH levels. Respiratory and metabolic causes of acidosis and alkalosis are outlined, examining uncompensated vs compensated states. Key indicators for each condition like bicarbonate, carbonic acid, pCO2 and pH levels are compared. Observations of these values are important for clinical diagnosis and understanding the severity of acid-base imbalances.

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    Acidosis and Alkalosis

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    This document discusses acidosis and alkalosis, defining them as increased or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood respectively. It describes the normal and extreme pH ranges for blood and the compensatory mechanisms that work to restore pH levels. Respiratory and metabolic causes of acidosis and alkalosis are outlined, examining uncompensated vs compensated states. Key indicators for each condition like bicarbonate, carbonic acid, pCO2 and pH levels are compared. Observations of these values are important for clinical diagnosis and understanding the severity of acid-base imbalances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    74 views19 pages

    Acidosis and Alkalosis

    Uploaded by

    prayitno mulyani
    This document discusses acidosis and alkalosis, defining them as increased or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood respectively. It describes the normal and extreme pH ranges for blood and the compensatory mechanisms that work to restore pH levels. Respiratory and metabolic causes of acidosis and alkalosis are outlined, examining uncompensated vs compensated states. Key indicators for each condition like bicarbonate, carbonic acid, pCO2 and pH levels are compared. Observations of these values are important for clinical diagnosis and understanding the severity of acid-base imbalances.

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    ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS

    TERMINOLOGI :

    • ACIDOSIS :
    TERM USED TO DESCRIBE
    PATIENTS WITH AN INCREASED
    HYDROGEN ION IN THE BLOOD,
    WITH pH BELOW 7,36
    • ALKALOSIS :
    TERM USED TO DESCRIBE
    PATIENTS WITH A HYDROGEN
    ION IN THE BLOOD BELOW NOR-
    MAL, WITH pH ABOVE 7,44
    pH PLASMA :

    • NORMAL RANGE : 7,36 - 7,44

    • EXTREME RANGE ( COMPATIBLE


    WITH LIFE ) : 6,7 - 7,9
    UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED
    ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS:

    • WHEN AN ACIDOSIS OR ALKALOSIS


    DEVELOPS, COMPENSATORY
    MECHANISM HELP RESTORE THE pH
    TOWARD PREVIOUS NORMAL LEVEL.
    • IN THE PROCESS MARKED CHANGE
    IN THE CONCENTRATION H₂CO₃, pCO₂
    AND BICARBONATE OCCUR
    RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS :

    • UNCOMPENSATED RESPIRATORY
    ACIDOSIS :
    ACCUMULATION OF CARBONIC ACID
    DUE HYPOVENTILATION → CAUSED
    pCO₂ PLASMA RISE → RATIO
    BICARBONATE/CARBONIC ACID FALL
    → pH TO FALL
    • COMPENSATED RESPIRATORY
    ACIDOSIS :

    BICARBONATE IS RETAIN IN THE


    BODY → CONC. BICARBONATE RI-
    SE → RATIO BICARBONATE : CAR-
    BONIC ACID RISE → pH RISE AND
    MAY RETURN TO NORMAL.
    UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPEN-
    SATED RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS :

    NORMAL UNCOMP. COMP.

    BICARB. : 24 mEq/l 24 mEq/l 38 mEq/l


    CARB.AC : 1,2 mEq/l 2,7 mEq/l 2,7 Meq/L
    RATIO : 20 : 1 8,8 : 1 14 : 1
    pCO₂ : 40 mm.Hg 90 mm.Hg 90 mmHg
    pH : 7,4 7,2 7,32
    RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS :

    • UNCOMPENSATED RESPIRATORY
    ALKALOSIS :
    THERE IS LOSS OF CARBONIC
    ACID, DUE HYPERVENTILATION →
    pCO₂ FALLS → RATIO BICARBO-
    NATE : CARBONIC ACID RISE →
    THE pH RISE
    COMPENSATORY RESPIRATORY
    ALKALOSIS :

    • BICARBONATE IS EXCRETED BY
    KIDNEY → RATIO BICARBONATE :
    CARBONIC ACID FALL → THE pH
    FALL TOWARD NORMAL
    METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

    • UNCOMPENSATED METABOLIC
    ACIDOSIS :
    EXCESS OF ACID OR LOSS OF
    BASE → RATIO BICARBONATE :
    CARBONIC ACID TO FALL → THE
    pH TO FALL.
    COMPENSATED METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
    :

    • CARBONIC ACID IS EXCRETED BY


    THE LUNG ( IN THE FORM OF CO₂ ) →
    BICARBONATE IS RETAINED BY THE
    KIDNEY → pCO₂ FALLS → RATIO
    BICARBNATE : CARBONIC ACID RISE
    → THE PH RISE TOWARD NORMAL
    UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED
    METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
    NORMAL UNCMP.MA COMP.MA

    BICARBONATE: 24 mEq/l 15 mEq/L 15 mEq/L


    CARBONIC ACID: 1,2 mEq/l 1,2 mEq/L 0,75 mEq/l
    RATIO BC:CA: 20 : 1 12,5 : 1 20 : 1
    PCO₂ : 40 mm..Hg 40 mm.Hg. 25 mm.Hg.
    pH : 7,4 7,2 7,3
    METABOLIC ALKALOSIS :

    • UNCOMPENSATED METABOLIC
    ALKALOSIS :
    THERE IS AN EXCESS OF BASE OR
    LOSS OF ACID → RATIO BC : CA TO
    RISE → THE pH TO RISE ( BUT NO
    CHANGE IN THE PCO )
    • COMPENSATED METABOLIC ALKA-
    LOSIS :

    THERE IS EXCESS BICARBONATE


    → BICARBONATE EXCRETED BY
    THE KIDNEY AND RETAIN CO₂ BY
    THE LUNG → RATIO BC : CA TO
    FALL ( STILL GREATER THAN
    NORMAL ) → THE pH TO FALL
    UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED
    METABOLIC ALKALOSIS :

    NORMAL UNCOMP. MAL COMP.MAL

    BICARBONATE : 24 mEq/L 36 mEq/l 34,5 mEq/L


    CARBONIC ACID : 1,2 mEq/l 1,2 mEq/l 1,35 mEq/L
    RATIO BC : CA 20 : 1 31,6 : 1 25,6 : !
    PCO₂ : 40 mm.Hg. 40 mm.Hg. 45 mm.Hg.
    pH : 7,4 7,6 7,55
    OBSERVATIONS ARE IMPORTANT FOR
    SEVERAL REASON :

    • SEVERE RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS, A


    NORMAL BICARBONATE MAY BE
    PRESENT
    • SEVERE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS,
    BICARBONATE IS LOW AND IT
    REMAIN LOW EVEN WHEN
    COMPENSATION OCCURS.
    CLINICALLY :

    • THE RESPIRATORY CHANGE ARE


    INDICATED BY pCO₂.

    • THE METABOLIC CHANGE ARE


    INDICATED BY SERUM
    BICARBONATE.
    THANK’S

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