VEDIC

MATHEMATICS
- By Prashanth K N
 What is Vedic Mathematics ?

 Vedic mathematics is the name

given to the ancient system of
mathematics which was
rediscovered from the Vedas.

 It’s a unique technique of

calculations based on simple
principles and rules , with which
any mathematical problem - be
it arithmetic, algebra, geometry
or trigonometry can be solved
mentally.
Who revived this?
The subject was revived largely due to the efforts of
Jagadguru Swami Bharathikrishna Tirthaji of Govardhan
Peeth, Puri Jaganath (1884-1960). Having researched the
subject for years, even his efforts would have gone in
vain but for the enterprise of some disciples who took
down notes during his last days. That resulted in the
book, Vedic Mathematics, in the 1960s.
 Why Vedic Mathematics?
 It helps a person to solve problems 10-15 times faster.

 It reduces burden (Need to learn tables up to nine only)

 It provides one line answer.

 It is a magical tool to reduce scratch work and finger counting.

 It increases concentration.
 Time saved can be used to answer more questions.

 Improves concentration.

 Logical thinking process gets enhanced.

 Base of Vedic Mathematics
 Vedic Mathematics
now refers to a set of
sixteen mathematical
formulae or sutras and
their corollaries
derived from the
Vedas.
 Base of Vedic Mathematics
 Vedic Mathematics
now refers to a set
of sixteen
mathematical
formulae or sutras
and their corollaries
derived from the
Vedas.
 EKĀDHIKENA PŪRVEŅA

 TheSutra
(formula)  This Sutra is
Ekādhikena used to the
Pūrvena means: ‘Squaring of
numbers ending
“By one more than in 5’.
the previous one”.
‘Squaring of numbers ending in
5’.
 Conventional Method Vedic Method

65 X 65 65 X 65 = 4225
65
X65 ( 'multiply the
325 previous digit 6 by
390X one more than
itself 7. Than write
4225
25 )
Corollary to Ekadhikena purvena
Squaring a number that does not end in 5. 
This method requires rounding a number up and down based on the nearest 
base of 10 or 100, multiplying the two numbers, then adding the square of the
number added and subtracted. I'll explain with two examples:
Rounding to base-100: To find the square of 96, you would round up to 100.
Since you added 4, you now subtract 4 from 96 to yield 92. Multiply 92 and
100. This can be easily done in one's head: 9200. Since you added and
subtracted 4, square the 4 to yield 16. Now add 16 to 9200. Thus, 96 squared is
9216.
Rounding to base-10: To find the square of 57, you would round up to 60.
Since you added 3, you now subtract 3 from 57 to yield 54. Multiply 60 by 54
(some people can do this in their head). The answer is 3240. Since you added
and subtracted 3, square it. That makes 9. Add 9 to 3240. The square of 57 is
3249. 
NIKHILAM AVATAS’CHARAMAM
DASATAH
 The
Sutra (formula) This formula can
NIKHILAM be very effectively
NAVATAS’CHARA applied in
MAM DASATAH multiplication of
means : numbers, which are
nearer to bases like
“all from 9 and the 10, 100, 1000 i.e., to
last from 10” the powers of 10
(eg: 96 x 98 or 102
x 104).
 Case I :
When both the numbers are lower
than the base.

 Conventional Method  Vedic Method

97 X 94

97
X94 97 3
X 94 6
388
9118
873X
9118
 Case ( ii) : When both the
numbers are higher than the base
 Conventional  Vedic Method
Method
103 X 105
For Example103 X 105
103
X 105
103 3
515
X 105 5
000X
1 0, 8 1 5
103XX
1 0, 8 1 5
Case III: When one number is more and
the other is less than the base.

 Conventional Method  Vedic Method

103 X 98
103 103 3
X 98 X 98 -2
824 1 0, 0 9 4
927X
1 0, 0 9 4
 ĀNURŨPYENA

 The Sutra (formula) This Sutra is highly

ĀNURŨPYENA useful to find
means : products of two
numbers when
both of them are
'proportionality '
near the Common
or bases like 50, 60,
'similarly ' 200 etc (multiples
of powers of 10).
 ĀNURŨPYENA

 Conventional Method Vedic Method

58 X 48 58 8
58 X 48 -2
X48 2884
464
24 2X
2 8 84
 ĀNURŨPYENA

 Conventional Method Vedic Method

46 X 43
46 46 -4
X43 X 43 -7
138 1978
184X
1978
URDHVA TIRYAGBHYAM
 The
Sutra (formula) This the general
URDHVA formula applicable
TIRYAGBHYAM to all cases of
means : multiplication and
also in the division
of a large number
“Vertically and cross
by another large
wise”
number.
 Two digit multiplication by
URDHVA TIRYAGBHYAM
 The
Sutra (formula)  Step 1: 5×2=10, write
down 0 and carry 1
URDHVA  Step 2: 7×2 + 5×3 =
TIRYAGBHYAM 14+15=29, add to it
previous carry over value
means : 1, so we have 30, now
write down 0 and carry 3
 Step 3: 7×3=21, add
“Vertically and cross previous carry over value
wise” of 3 to get 24, write it
down.
 So we have 2400 as the
answer.
 Two digit multiplication by
URDHVA TIRYAGBHYAM
Vedic Method

46
X43
1978
 Three digit multiplication by
URDHVA TIRYAGBHYAM
Vedic Method

103
X 105
1 0, 8 1 5
YAVDUNAM TAAVDUNIKRITYA
VARGANCHA YOJAYET
 This sutra means This sutra is very
whatever the extent handy in
of its deficiency, calculating squares
lessen it still of numbers
further to that very near(lesser) to
extent; and also set powers of 10
up the square of
that deficiency.
 YAVDUNAM TAAVDUNIKRITYA
VARGANCHA YOJAYET
 The nearest power of 10 to 98 is 100.
Therefore, let us take 100 as our base.

 Since 98 is 2 less than 100, we call 2 as the

98 2
= 9604 deficiency.

 Decrease the given number further by an

amount equal to the deficiency. i.e.,
perform ( 98 -2 ) = 96. This is the left side
of our answer!!.

 On the right hand side put the square of

the deficiency, that is square of 2 = 04.

 Append the results from step 4 and 5 to get

the result. Hence the answer is 9604.

Note : While calculating step 5, the number of digits in the squared number (04)
should be equal to number of zeroes in the base(100).
 YAVDUNAM TAAVDUNIKRITYA
VARGANCHA YOJAYET
 The nearest power of 10 to 103 is 100.
Therefore, let us take 100 as our base.

 Since 103 is 3 more than 100 (base), we

103 = 2
10609 call 3 as the surplus.

 Increase the given number further by an

amount equal to the surplus. i.e., perform
( 103 + 3 ) = 106. This is the left side of our
answer!!.

 On the right hand side put the square of

the surplus, that is square of 3 = 09.

 Append the results from step 4 and 5 to get

the result.Hence the answer is 10609.

Note : while calculating step 5, the number of digits in the squared number (09)
should be equal to number of zeroes in the base(100).
YAVDUNAM TAAVDUNIKRITYA
VARGANCHA YOJAYET

1009 2 = 1018081
Multiplying numbers by 11

To multiply any 2-figure number by 11 we

just put the total of the two figures between
the 2 figures.

26 X 11 = 286
72 X 11 = 792
77 X 11 = 847
Multiplying numbers by 12

To multiply any 2-figure number by 12 we

double the last digit, put the total of the
twice the first digit and the 2nd digit.

13 X 12 = 156
14 X 12 = 168
 SAŃKALANA –
VYAVAKALANĀBHYAM
 The Sutra (formula)  It can be applied in
solving a special type
SAŃKALANA – of simultaneous
VYAVAKALANĀ equations where the
BHYAM x - coefficients and
the y - coefficients
means :
are found
interchanged.
'by addition and by
subtraction'
 SAŃKALANA –
VYAVAKALANĀBHYAM
Example 1:  Firstly add them,
( 45x – 23y ) + ( 23x – 45y ) = 113 + 91
      45x – 23y = 113 68x – 68y = 204    
      23x – 45y = 91 x – y = 3

 Subtract one from other,

( 45x – 23y ) – ( 23x – 45y ) = 113 – 91
22x + 22y = 22
x+y=1

 Rrepeat the same sutra,

we get x = 2 and y = - 1
 SAŃKALANA –
VYAVAKALANĀBHYAM
Example 2:  Just add,
2431( x – y ) = - 2431    
    1955x – 476y = x – y = -1
2482
 Subtract,
476x – 1955y = - 4913
1479 ( x + y ) = 7395  
x+y=5
 Once again add,
2x = 4     x = 2
subtract
- 2y = - 6     y = 3
 ANTYAYOR DAŚAKE'PI
 The
Sutra (formula)  This sutra is helpful in
multiplying numbers whose last
ANTYAYOR digits add up to 10(or powers of
10). The remaining digits of the
DAŚAKE'PI numbers should be identical.
means : For Example: In multiplication
of numbers
 25 and 25,
‘ Numbers of which 2 is common and 5 + 5 = 10
the last digits added  47 and 43,
up give 10.’ 4 is common and 7 + 3 = 10
 62 and 68,
 116 and 114.
 425 and 475
 ANTYAYOR DAŚAKE'PI
 Vedic Method  The same rule works when
the sum of the last 2, last
3, last 4 - - - digits added
respectively equal to 100,
1000, 10000 -- - - .
67  The simple point to
remember is to multiply
X63 each product by 10, 100,
1000, - - as the case may
4221 
be .
You can observe that this is
more convenient while
working with the product
of 3 digit numbers
ANTYAYOR DAŚAKE'PI

Try Yourself :
892 X 808
= 720736 A) 398 X 302
= 120196
B) 795 X 705
= 560475
LOPANA STHÂPANÂBHYÂM
 Consider the case of
factorization of quadratic
The Sutra (formula) equation of type
LOPANA
STHÂPANÂBHYÂM ax2 + by2 + cz2 + dxy + eyz + fzx

means :
 This is a homogeneous
equation of second degree
'by alternate elimination in three variables x, y, z.
and retention'
 The sub-sutra removes the
difficulty and makes the
factorization simple.
LOPANA STHÂPANÂBHYÂM
Example :  Eliminate z by putting z = 0
and retain x and y and
3x 2 + 7xy + 2y 2+ 11xz + 7yz + 6z 2 factorize thus obtained a
quadratic in x and y by means
 Eliminate z and retain x, y ; of Adyamadyena sutra.
factorize
3x 2 + 7xy + 2y 2 = (3x + y) (x + 2y)
 Similarly eliminate y and
 Eliminate y and retain x, z; retain x and z and factorize
factorize the quadratic in x and z.
3x 2 + 11xz + 6z 2 = (3x + 2z) (x + 3z)

 Fill the gaps, the given expression  With these two sets of factors,
fill in the gaps caused by the
(3x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + 3z) elimination process of z and y
respectively. This gives actual
factors of the expression.
 GUNÌTA SAMUCCAYAH -
SAMUCCAYA GUNÌTAH
Example :  Eliminate z by putting z = 0
and retain x and y and
3x 2 + 7xy + 2y 2+ 11xz + 7yz + 6z 2 factorize thus obtained a
quadratic in x and y by means
 Eliminate z and retain x, y ; of Adyamadyena sutra.
factorize
3x 2 + 7xy + 2y 2 = (3x + y) (x + 2y)
 Similarly eliminate y and
 Eliminate y and retain x, z; retain x and z and factorize
factorize the quadratic in x and z.
3x 2 + 11xz + 6z 2 = (3x + 2z) (x + 3z)

 Fill the gaps, the given expression  With these two sets of factors,
fill in the gaps caused by the
(3x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + 3z) elimination process of z and y
respectively. This gives actual
factors of the expression.
References
"VEDIC MATHEMATICS"
by H.H. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna
Tirthaji Maharaj.

Publishers Motilal Banarasidass, Bunglow Road,

Jawahar Nagar, Delhi –110 007; or
Chowk, Varanasi (UP); or Ashok Raj Path, Patna, (Bihar)
 www.vedicmaths.org
 Vedic Mathematics

And, you thought biggest

contribution of Indians to field of
Mathematics was Zero??

- Thank You ! 