PRESENTATION

ON
SQL

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 DEFINATION:-

SQL is a Standard –But……………

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems.
SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL
works with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL
Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc.

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 SQL Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data.
Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

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 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a syntax for executing queries. But

the SQL language also includes a syntax to update, insert, and delete
records.
These query and update commands together form the Data Manipulation
Language (DML) part of SQL:

SELECT - extracts data from a database table

UPDATE - updates data in a database table
DELETE - deletes data from a database table
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table

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 SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

The most important DDL statements in SQL are: 

CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table

ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table
DROP TABLE - deletes a database table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
DROP INDEX  - deletes an index

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 SQL STATEMENTS

The SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to

select data from a table. The tabular
result is stored in a result table (called
the result-set).

Syntax

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 Select Some Columns

To select the columns named

"LastName" and "FirstName", use a
SELECT statement like this:

SELECT LastName, FirstName

FROM Persons
"Persons" table

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 Result

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 Semicolon after SQL Statements?

Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database

systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the
same call to the server.

Some SQL tutorials end each SQL statement with a semicolon. Is this
necessary? We are using MS Access and SQL Server 2000 and we do not
have to put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some database
programs force you to use it.

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 The SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The DISTINCT keyword is used to

return only distinct (different) values.
The SELECT statement returns
information from table columns. But
what if we only want to select distinct
elements?
With SQL, all we need to do is to add a
DISTINCT keyword to the SELECT
statement:

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 Using the DISTINCT keyword

To select ALL values from the column named "Company" we use a SELECT
statement like this:
SELECT Company FROM Orders

"Orders" table

Result (Note that "W3Schools" is listed twice in the result-set.)

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 To select only DIFFERENT values from the column named
"Company" we use a SELECT DISTINCT statement like this:
SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders

Result: ( Now "W3Schools" is listed only once in the

result-set.)

The WHERE clause is used to specify a selection criterion.

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 The WHERE Clause 

To conditionally select data from a

table, a WHERE clause can be
added to the SELECT statement.

Syntax

SELECT column FROM table

WHERE column operator value

With the WHERE clause, the

following operators can be used:

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 Using the WHERE Clause

To select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes", we add a WHERE clause to the
SELECT statement: 

SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE City='Sandnes‘

Result

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 The LIKE Condition
The LIKE condition is used to specify a search for a pattern in a column.
Syntax
SELECT column FROM tableWHERE column LIKE patternA
"%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters in the
pattern) both before and after the pattern.

Using LIKE

The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that
start with an 'O':

SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE FirstName LIKE 'O%‘

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 The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that end
with an 'a':

SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE FirstName LIKE '%a

'The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that
contain the pattern 'la':

SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE FirstName LIKE '%la%'

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 The INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new rows into a table.
Syntax
INSERT INTO table_nameVALUES (value1, value2,....)

You can also specify the columns for which you want to insert data:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)VALUES (value1, value2,....)The
Update Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the data in a table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_nameSET column_name = new_valueWHERE column_name =
some_valueUpdate several Columns in a Row

We want to change the address and add the name of the city:
UPDATE PersonSET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger'WHERE LastName =
'Rasmussen'

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 Result:

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 The Delete Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
Syntax

DELETE FROM table_nameWHERE column_name = some_valueDelete a Row

"Nina Rasmussen" is going to be deleted:

DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'Result

Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_nameorDELETE * FROM table_nameSort the Rows

The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the rows.

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 Orders:

Example

To display the companies in alphabetical order:

SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM

OrdersORDER BY Company
Example
To display the companies in alphabetical order
AND the ordernumbers in numerical order:

SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM

OrdersORDER
BY Company, OrderNumber
Result:

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 Example
To display the companies in reverse alphabetical order:
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM OrdersORDER BY Company
DESCResult:

AND & OR
AND and OR join two or more conditions in a WHERE clause.
The AND operator displays a row if ALL conditions listed are true. The OR
operator displays a row if ANY of the conditions listed are true.

Original Table (used in the examples)

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 Example

Use AND to display each person with the first name equal to "Tove", and the last
name equal to "Svendson":
SELECT * FROM PersonsWHERE FirstName='Tove'AND
LastName='Svendson‘
Result:

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 BETWEEN ... AND

The BETWEEN ... AND operator selects a range of data between two values. These values can be numbers,
text, or dates.

SELECT column_name FROM table_nameWHERE column_nameBETWEEN value1 AND value2

Example 1
To display the persons alphabetically between (and including) "Hansen" and exclusive "Pettersen", use the
following SQL:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen‘
Result:

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 With SQL, aliases can be used for column names and
table names.

Column Name Alias

The syntax is:
SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table
Table Name Alias
The syntax is:
SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias
Example: Using a Column Alias
And this SQL:
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS NameFROM PersonsReturns this
Result:

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 Joins and Keys

Sometimes we have to select data from two or more tables to make our result complete. We
have to perform a join.
Tables in a database can be related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column with a
unique value for each row. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without
repeating all of the data in every table.
In the "Employees" table below, the "Employee_ID" column is the primary key, meaning
that no two rows can have the same Employee_ID. The Employee_ID distinguishes two
persons even if they have the same name.
When you look at the example tables below, notice that: 
The "Employee_ID" column is the primary key of the "Employees" table
The "Prod_ID" column is the primary key of the "Orders" table
The "Employee_ID" column in the "Orders" table is used to refer to the persons in the
Employees" table without using their names

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 EXAMPLE

Employees:

Orders:

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 Referring to Two Tables
We can select data from two tables by referring to two tables, like this:
Example
Who has ordered a product, and what did they order?

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM Employees, OrdersWHERE

Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

Result

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 Example
Who ordered a printer?

SELECT Employees.NameFROM Employees, OrdersWHERE

Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_IDAND
Orders.Product='Printer‘
Result

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 Using Joins

OR we can select data from two tables with the JOIN keyword, like this:
Example INNER JOIN
Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableINNER JOIN second_tableON first_table.keyfield =
second_table.foreign_keyfield
Who has ordered a product, and what did they order?
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesINNER JOIN OrdersON
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

The INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables where there is a match. If there are rows in Employees
that do not have matches in Orders, those rows will not be listed.

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 LEFT JOIN

Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableLEFT JOIN second_tableON
first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

EXAMPLE
List all employees, and their orders - if any.
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesLEFT JOIN OrdersON
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

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 RIGHT JOIN

Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableRIGHT JOIN second_tableON
first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

List all orders, and who has ordered - if any.

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesRIGHT JOIN

OrdersON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

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 Joins and Keys

Sometimes we have to select data from two or more tables to make our result complete. We
have to perform a join.
Tables in a database can be related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column with a
unique value for each row. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without
repeating all of the data in every table.
In the "Employees" table below, the "Employee_ID" column is the primary key, meaning
that no two rows can have the same Employee_ID. The Employee_ID distinguishes two
persons even if they have the same name.
When you look at the example tables below, notice that: 
The "Employee_ID" column is the primary key of the "Employees" table
The "Prod_ID" column is the primary key of the "Orders" table
The "Employee_ID" column in the "Orders" table is used to refer to the persons in the
"Employees" table without using their names

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 Referring to Two Tables

Employees:

Orders:

We can select data from two tables by referring to two tables, like this:

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 Example

Who has ordered a product, and what did

they order?
SELECT Employees.Name,
Orders.ProductFROM Employees, Orders
WHERE
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.E
mployee_IDResult
Who ordered a printer?
SELECT Employees.NameFROM
Employees, OrdersWHERE
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.E
mployee_IDAND
Orders.Product='Printer'

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 INNER JOIN

Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM
first_tableINNER JOIN second_
tableON first_table.keyfield =
second_table.foreign_keyfield
Who has ordered a product, and what did they
order?
SELECT Employees.Name,
Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesINNER
JOIN OrdersON
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_I
D
The INNER JOIN returns all rows from both
tables where there is a match. If there are rows in
Employees that do not have matches in Orders,
those rows will not be listed.
Result

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 LEFT JOIN

Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM
first_tableLEFT JOIN second_tableON
first_table.keyfield =
second_table.foreign_keyfield
List all employees, and their orders - if any.

SELECT Employees.Name,
Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesLEFT JOIN
OrdersON
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_I
D

The LEFT JOIN returns all the rows from the first
table (Employees), even if there are no matches in
the second table (Orders). If there are rows in
Employees that do not have matches in Orders,
those rows also will be listed.

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 RIGHT JOIN

Syntax
SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM
first_tableRIGHT JOIN second_tableON
first_table.keyfield =
second_table.foreign_keyfield

List all orders, and who has ordered - if any.

SELECT Employees.Name,
Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesRIGHT JOIN
OrdersON
Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

The RIGHT JOIN returns all the rows from the

second table (Orders), even if there are no matches
in the first table (Employees). If there had been any
rows in Orders that did not have matches in
Employees, those rows also would have been listed.

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 Create a Database

To create a database:

CREATE DATABASE database_name

Create a Table

To create a table in a database:

CREATE TABLE table_name(column_name1

data_type,column_name2 data_type,.......)

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 Drop Index

You can delete an existing index in a table with the DROP statement.

DROP INDEX table_name.index_name

Delete a Table or Database

To delete a table (the table structure, attributes, and indexes will also be
deleted):

DROP TABLE table_nameTo delete a database:

DROP DATABASE database_name

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 Truncate a Table

What if we only want to get rid of the data inside a table, and not the
table itself?

Use the TRUNCATE TABLE command (deletes only the data inside
the table):

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name

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 ALTER TABLE

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add or drop columns in an

existing table.

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype,

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name

Note:
Some database systems don't allow the dropping of a column in a
database table (DROP COLUMN column_name).

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 GROUP BY...

GROUP BY... was added to SQL because

aggregate functions (like SUM) return the
aggregate of all column values every time they
are called, and without the GROUP BY
function it was impossible to find the sum for
each individual group of column values.

The syntax for the GROUP BY function is:

SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table

GROUP BY column
GROUP BY
Example
This "Sales" Table:

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 And This SQL:
SELECT Company, SUM(Amount) FROM Sales

Returns this result:

The above code is invalid because the column returned is

not part of an aggregate. A GROUP BY clause will solve
this problem:

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 HAVING...

HAVING... was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used against
aggregate functions (like SUM), and without HAVING... it would be impossible to test for
result conditions.
The syntax for the HAVING function is:

This SQL:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM SalesGROUP BY CompanyHAVING
SUM(Amount)>10000Returns this result:

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 Make a Backup Copy

The following example makes a backup copy of the "Persons" table:

SELECT * INTO Persons_backupFROM Persons

The IN clause can be used to copy tables into another database:

SELECT Persons.* INTO Persons IN 'Backup.mdb'FROM Persons

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 What is a View?

In SQL, a VIEW is a virtual table based on the result-set of a SELECT statement .

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are
fields from one or more real tables in the database. You can add SQL functions,
WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were
coming from a single table.
Note: The database design and structure will NOT be affected by the functions,
where, or join statements in a view.
Syntax
CREATE VIEW view_name ASSELECT column_name(s)FROM
table_nameWHERE condition
Note: The database does not store the view data! The database engine recreates the
data, using the view's SELECT statement, every time a user queries a view.

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 Using Views

A view could be used from inside a query, a stored procedure, or from inside
another view. By adding functions, joins, etc., to a view, it allows you to present
exactly the data you want to the user.
The sample database Northwind has some views installed by default. The view
"Current Product List" lists all active products (products that are not discontinued)
from the Products table. The view is created with the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] ASSELECT
ProductID,ProductNameFROM ProductsWHERE Discontinued=No
We can query the view above as follows:
SELECT * FROM [Current Product

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 Another view from the Northwind
sample database selects every product
in the Products table that has a unit
price that is higher than the average
unit price:

CREATE VIEW [Products Above

Average Price] ASSELECT
ProductName,UnitPriceFROM
ProductsWHERE UnitPrice>(SELECT
AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products)We
can query the view above as follows:

SELECT * FROM [Products Above

Average Price]

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