Learning Competencies/Objectives

In this module, the Learner should be able to:

1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;
2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
3. explain what happens when volcanoes erupt;
and
4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be
tapped for human use.
 The Philippines is located along the Ring of
Fire. As a result, it is a home to many
volcanoes. The most famous among our
volcanoes is the Mayon Volcano that has
erupted last May 7, 2013 while a group of
hikers were exploring its beauty.
-A volcano is cone-shaped.
- It has an opening at the top (or in some case, on
the sides)
- Hot thick cloud of gas, molten rocks, ash forming a
cauliflower shaped-cloud comes out of its opening.
 Volcanoes in the Philippines
 Volcanoes are found in the differentUrsa Minor
locations
in the Philippines
 Mayon volcano has the most number of
eruptions while Iraya volcano has the least
number of eruptions. The following volcanoes
have no record of eruption: Cabaluyan,
Cocoro, Pulung, Tamburok and Urot.
Ursa Major
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANO

 Active
- volcanoes that have a record of eruption within the last
600 years or those that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on
analyses of their materials.
 Inactive volcanoes,-
-are those that have not erupted for the last 10, 000 years
and their physical form is being changed by agents of
weathering and erosion through formation of deep and long
gullies.
 According to PHIVOLCS,our country has more than a
hundred volcanoes as of 2013. Twenty-three are active
while the rest are inactive.
 PROCESSES INSIDE THE VOLCANO
• Magma inside the volcano has high temperature. As the
magma is continuously heated, it goes up. As it rises, gas
bubbles are developed. The gas bubbles are trapped and
expand causing the molten material to swell also, resulting
in a gradual increase in pressure within the volcano. When
the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock,
fracturing occurs. The resulting breaks lead to a further
drop in confining pressure, which in turn causes even more
gas bubbles to form.
• Lava may appear to be the primary material ejected from a
volcano, but this is not always the case. Aside from lava,
broken rocks, lava bombs, fine ash and dust are also
ejected.
 VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND ERUPTIVE
STYLES

 A volcano usually has a summit, slope, and

base. At the summit, there is an opening
which may either be a crater or a caldera. A
crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the top
of a volcano while a caldera is formed when a
part of the wall collapses following an
explosive eruption.
 A volcano can have one crater, like Mayon
Volcano, or more than one, like Taal Volcano
that has 47 craters.
 Volcanic activity can be very fascinating. After an explosive
eruption, a scenic cone-shaped structure may be produced
or changes on its slope can be observed. The emissions of a
volcano provide us with clues on what materials are found
inside the Earth. Some eruptions are very explosive, while
many others are not.
 There are primary factors affecting the volcanoes’ eruptive
style, namely: the magma’s temperature, its chemical
composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it
contains. These factors can affect the magma’s viscosity in
different ways. Viscosity is the property of the material’s
resistance to flow. It is also described as the liquid’s
thickness and stickiness. The more viscous and thicker the
material is, the greater is its resistance to flow.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE VISCOSITY
OF MAGMA
a. Temperature
- The viscosity of magma decreases with
temperature. The higher the temperature of
magma is, the lower is its viscosity. As lava
flows, it cools and begins to harden, its ability
to flow decreases and eventually it stops.
b. Composition of Magma
- Magmas with high silica content are more viscous
than those with low silica content. The magma that
contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far
before solidifying.

c. The amount of gases contained in the magma

- Lava with low amount of gas and high silica
content is very viscous and does not flow out at
all as it rises forming, a columnar plug in the
vent.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

a. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a stream-driven

eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with
water. It is short lived characterized by ash columns
but may be an onset of a larger eruption.

b. Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption due to the

contact between water and magma. As a result, a large
column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway
emission of pyroclastics called base surges are
observed.
c. Strombolian – a periodic weak to violent
eruption characterized by fountain lava just like
the Irazu volcano in Costa Rica
d. Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption
columns that reach up to 20 kms high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra like that of
Paricutin volcano in Mexico
 e. Plinian – excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like our
PinatuboVolcano in Zambales.
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions in
the Society
 Loss of lives and properties
 As the lava flows or pyroclastic materials are
ejected in the air, they can destroy anything
in their way
 Caused the decrease in the Earth’s surface
temperature or measurable cooling of the
Earth’s surface
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions in
the Society
 Production of Sulfuric Acid
- combination of sulfur dioxide and water
in the atmosphere
- as it circulates, it may block the sunlight
causing a decrease in the earth’s temperature
- contributed in the thinning of the ozone
layer
Positive Effects of Volcanic
Eruption
 created spectacular scenery in its wake (Mt.
Pinatubo’s eruption)
 Produced very rich soils for farming (Musuan
Volcano eruption in Bukidnon)
 people became creative by making
earthenware out of the ashfall
Signs of Impending Volcanic
Eruptions
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes
with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic
tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color
of steam emission from white to gray due to
entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or
near the crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and
ground fissuring due to magma intrusion;
Signs of Impending Volcanic
Eruptions
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides
from the summit area which not attributable to
heavy rains;
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes;
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells
(e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g.,
Taal) near the volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the
volcano;
Signs of Impending Volcanic
Eruptions
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the
volcano; and,
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.
Preparing for Volcanic Eruptions

 Before
- Prepare an evacuation plan
- Prepare an emergency kit
- Renovate the parts that need fixing
- Clear the area surrounding your house
- Anticipate possible earthquakes and secure all
breakable items
Preparing for Volcanic Eruptions

 During
- Evacuate if needed
- Proceed with precautions
- Wear face mask or gas mask
- Tune in to the radio or tv for the latest news
- Stay in the safest place
Preparing for Volcanic Eruptions

 After
- Check for damages
- Wear face mask and clean your surrounding
- Clean accumulated ash over electricity and
communicative lines
- Check the potability of drinking water
- Stay away from areas with volcanic ashfall