INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

BY

R.K.GUPTA
DE(TRAINING)
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

What is a Telephone ?
A device to speak over long distances, much
beyond their range of voice.

1876 – first Basic Telephone designed by

Alexender Graham Bell.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

• How does a Telephone works?

• PRINCIPLES OF TELEPHONEY
• At calling end, Tx converts sound waves into
electrical signals.
• At called end, Rx converts back electrical
signals into sound
Receiver
Transmitter
(converts (converts
Transmission media elect. Signals
sound into O/w line, U/G cable, Radio waves
electrical into sound)
signals)
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
Human speech – Freq. range from 20Hz to
20000 Hz

Internationally agreed, All telephone may

effectively transmit freq. range from 300 Hz
to 3400 Hz

This range is called Voice Freq. Range.

 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF SPEECH TRANSMISSION
1. Speech level at Rx shd be about -30db ( a
thousandth part) of the Tx level.
2. Telephone system shd introduce Minimum
amplitude distortion & reasonable amt. of phase &
Freq. distortions.
3. Acoustical impedance shd match at each point of
energy conversion.
4. Apparatus and Transmission media shd be
capable to transmit freq. spectrum of 300 – 3400
Hz.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A TELEPHONE SET
1. To indicate a Received call by means of some
audible signalling components.
2. Apply an answering condition to stop the ringing
condition.
3. Convert speech energy into elect. Energy for
transmission to distant telephone.
4. Convert Received electrical energy to acoustical
energy.
5. Disconnect call at the completion of conversation.
6. Generate electrical information from Tx to
establish a call to another telephone service.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
• COMPONENTS OF A TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT
1. Transmitter-Carbon Type –How its
works?
• Converts acoustical energy to
electrical energy.
• Consists a Diaphragm, front electrode,
back electrode and carbon granules
between two electrodes.
• Compression moves Diaphragm+front
electrode inwards. Increased mechanical
pressure packs carbon granules
decreases the contact resistance of
carbon granules.
• Conversely, a Rarefaction moves
Diaphragm+front electrode outwards.
Decreased mechanical pressure
increases the Tx resistance.
• When connected to DC, the variations
in Tx resistance vary or regulate the
current in cct.
• Thus a small value of acoustical
energy can vary or control a large value
of electrical energy supplied by battery.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
• 2. RECEIVER – MAGNETIC DIAPHRAGM TYPE
• HOW A RECEIVER WORKS?
• Converts a electrical energy into acoustical
energy.
• Consists electromagnet coils wound on
pole pieces attached to a permanent magnet,
a flexible diaphragm.
• Coils connected in series & produces opp.
Polarities at pole tips.
• When AC components of speech flows, the
electromagnetism alternately aids and
opposes the force exerted on diaphragm by
permanent magnet.
• The diaphragm moves closer to & farther
from pole pieces producing sounds having
same characteristics as speech crts applied
to Rx.
• Thus elect. Energy is converted into mech.
Energy in vibration of diaphragm which in
turn radiates acoustical energy.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
3. SIGNALLING COMPONENTS – WHY REQUIRED?

1.To give an audible indication of an I/C call.

2.To originate O/G calls from the Instruments.

The signalling Components are –

a.Magneto Bell
b.Hand Generator
c.Dial
d.Buzzer – DC ( Spl extension instruments only).
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
THE TELEPHONE DIAL
• Dial is a signalling device fitted into a telephone.
• Generates Elect. Pulse data which is used by the auto
switching exchanges to establish the routing of calls.
FUNCTIONS OF DIAL ARE –
1.To operate Exch. Eqpt. By transmitting pulses
corresponding to digit dialled at speed of 10 pulses per sec.
and having a break to make ratio of 2:1.
2.To provide minimum time of 400-500 ms ( Inter-digital
pause) between pulse trains reqd by auto-exch eqpt.
3.To prevent the pulses being heard as annoying clicks in
the receiver.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE COMPONENTS
1. Switching Eqpt – Common Eqpt which effects
interconnection of telephones.
2. Telephone Exchange – switching centre which
houses the terminating & switching eqpt.
3. Manual Exchanges – manually operated by operators
to effect interconnection of subs.
4. Automatic Exchanges – Having automatic switching
eqpts.
5. SwitchBoard – Switching Eqpt of a Manual Exchange.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SWITCHBOARD
Are of Two Types.-
1. Cordless
2. Cord Type
CORDLESS MANUAL SWITCHBOARD
•Fixed No. of DELs are provided to which operators
telephone and Fixed No, of Extensions lines may be
connected.
•Connections are made by means of Lever Keys.
•Used for Small Private Branch Exchanges with max.
upto 12 Extension lines.
•E.g. 1+3, 2+6, 3+9 PBX Boards.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
CORD TYPE SWITCHBOARDS
• Here Telephone lines to be switched are terminated
on jack springs and connection between them is made
by plugs and cords or CORD CIRCUITS
• One cord called Answering cord used for answering
a call and
• Other cord called Calling Cord used for making
connection to Called Party.
• Used when No. of Telephone Extensions exceeds
12.
Some switchboards used in DOT are –
1.Magneto SwitchBoard -3V
2.CB Switch Boards -24V, 40V or 50V.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
• MAGNETO SWITCH BOARDS
• OPERATION –
• 1.Calling Subs cranks generator.His line
indicator shutter falls.
• 2. Operator plugs answering plug of free cord
cct.into callers line jack & operates Spk/Ring key
to Speak posn.
• 3. Restores shutter manually & ascertain
callers requirement.
• 4. Inserts calling plug into called subs line
jack. Cranks gererator holding Spk/Ring key in
Ring posn.
• 5. When Called sub answers, optr. Restores
Spk/Ring key to Normal.
• 6. At end of call, one of the subs cranks to give
clearing indication.
• 7. Operators operates Spk/Ring key to confirm
end of call & removes calling and answering
plugs to free cord cct.
• 8. Restores clearing drop indicator manually.
• DISADVANTAGES –
1. Provision of Hand Generator & 3V batteries at
subs instt.
2. Subs fails to give clearing indication.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

ADVANTAGES OF MAGNETO EXCH. OVER CB EXCH

1. Exchange can be installed at short notice since

installation is simple.
2. Magneto exch does not requires high voltage
batteries. Primary cells can be easily installed.
3. Magneto telephones can work under LOW voltage
conditions of line. Even earth return ccts possible.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
C.B.NON MULTIPLE BOARDS/EXCHANGES.

• In CB systems, the battery is located at the exchange

itself.
• CBNM exch. Designed to work on 24V, 40V, & 50V.
• CB switchboards of 50 & 100 lines capacities used in DOT.
• For more than 100 lines two such switchboards are used.

ADVANTAGES OF C.B. WKG OVER MAGNETO WKG.

1. Subs Instt simpler as No Hand Generator Batteries.
2. Entire battery is centralised can be efficiently maintained
by centralised staff.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
C.B.MULTIPLE EXCHANGES

1. In CBNM Exch. If the call is to a subs not

within reach of the calling cord, operator
uses the TRANSFER CCT to complete a
call.

2. CB Multiple Boards are designed to enable

every operator to complete a call originated
on her board to any other number of the
exch without the aid of Transfer Ccts.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4 Panel 5 Panel 6

800 to 899 900 to 999 Space to allow 800 to 899 900 to

growth of 999
multiple
400 to 499 500 to 599 600 to 700 to 799 400 to 499 500 to 600 to
Subs.
699 599 699
Multiple

000 to 099 100 to 199 200 to 300 to 399 000 to 099 100 to 200 to
299 199 299

O/G Jn.
Multiple

Answering
field

POSITION 1 POSITION 2 POSITION 3

 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
INTER-EXCHANGE OR JUNCTION LINES
• A facility is provided for a subs of one exch to contact a sub of
another exch, by interconnecting the exchanges of the area with
INTER-EXCH LINES known as JUNCTION LINES.

• Junctions are longer than Subs local loop.

• Provided as per maxi. simultaneous junction calls during busy

hour.

EXCHANGE A JUNCTION EXCHANGE B

 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

TYPES OF JUNCTIONS
TWO METHODS OF JUNCTION WORKING ADOPTED
1.Unidirectional working –
In this method, junction pair is used by one of the two
exchanges to originate calls.
A Unidirectional junction requires signalling eqpt at
Incoming end only.
Advantage is -
•Saving in operators time
•Saving in cost as no signalling eqpt requires at O/G end
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

2. BOTHWAY WORKING

This method provides for using junction

pair by either of the exchanges to
originate calls.

Bothway Junctions requires signalling

equipment at both the ends.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TYPES OF SIGNALLING OVER JUNCTIONS

1.RING DOWN SIGNALLING

• Inthis method 17 Hz ringing crt is sent

on junction by O/G exchange.
• A indicator or Relay at I/C end operates
to indicate a call.
• Used on Long junctions between CB
exchanges & Magneto exch junctions.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
2. LOOP OR LEG SIGNALLING –
• ( Loop signalling) - In this method, junction line
LOOP is made or broken OR
• ( Leg signalling) - Earth potential is provided on one
of the junction wires by the O/G exchange.
• A relay at I/C end operates to indicate a call.
• Loop signalling done on short junctions to CB
exchanges, where loop resistance is <1500 ohms.
• Leg signalling done where loop resistance is >1500
ohms & < 2200 ohms.
• Leg signalling is faster than loop signalling.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TRUNK EXCHANGES
• When subs of one town or city needs to
communicate with subs of other town or city situated
hundreds or thousands kilometers away, This is done
on a TRUNK NETWORK.
• TRUNK NETWORK consists of trunk lines
connecting various towns of country and the
associated switching exchanges.
• The lines or ccts which interconnects various towns
and cities are known as Trunk Circuits.
• The Switching exchanges which serve to connect
one trunk line to another trk line or a trunk line to a
local exchange are called the TRUNK EXCHANGES.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TRUNK OPERATING METHODS

1. SINGLE LINK OPERATOR DIALLING (SLOD)

2. MULTI LINK OPERATOR DIALLING (MLOD)
3. STRAIGHT FORWARD TRUNK WORKING
4. SUBSCRIBERS TRUNK DIALLING(STD)
5. TRUNK AUTOMATIC EXCHANGES.(TAX)
6. SINGLE TICKETING
7. CONCESSIONAL TARIFF DURING SLACK
HOURS.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SINGLE LINK OPERATOR DIALLING (SLOD)

• Here Trunk Operator directly dials the number of

distant local exchange without the intervention of any
operator of the I/C exchange.
• This is practicable on directly connected circuits.

MULTI-LINK OPERATOR DIALLING (MLOD)

• A MLOD centre is set up where auto Eqpt is installed

and Trunk lines are connected to it.
• Thus an Optr connected by Trunk lines to this centre
can obtain another Trunk exch. connected to it by
dialling a code.
• This eliminates need for the transit trunk operator.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SUBSCRIBER TRUNK DIALLING (STD)
Here Subscriber directly dials the distant trunk subscribers.
When this is permitted between two stations, it is called
point-to-point STD.
Used on several routes in the country.
TRUNK AUTOMATIC EXCHANGES (TAX)
When it is desired that subscribers of a No. of exchanges shd
be able to dial each other, it is necessary to set up T.A.X., to
which such exchanges are connected,
Each station is alloted a code & the subscriber first dials an
access code to reach TAX, then the station code and
ultimately the reqd subscribers number.

E.g. 01-Delhi TAX, 02-Mumbai TAX,03- Kolkatta TAX, 04-

Chennai TAX, 06-Patna TAX, 07- Indore TAX etc.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
STRAIGHT FORWARD TRUNK WORKING
In this system, the distant trunk operator gets direct
access to “B” position operator in the local exchange
and obtain his requirement from him.

SINGLE TICKETING

For calls coming from large trunk exchanges, the I/C

trunk operator connects the number wanted by distant
trunk operator without recording anything i.e. Incoming
ticket is not prepared.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
STROWGER SWITCHING SYSTEM

Almon B Strowger patented a system of automatic

switching which contained the basic idea of a 2-motion
selector for establishing communication between two
subs.
This system is known as strowger switching system.

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

1.Reduces operating costs.
2.Increases the efficiency of telephone service in
densely populated areas.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
STROWGER SWITCHING SYSTEM
Also called step-by-step switching system.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• Uses wiper type switches called selectors.
• Operates directly or indirectly on pulses of calling
subs dial.
• Pawl & Ratchet arrangement drives forward one step
for each pulse of dialled pulse train.
• Selectors are used to connect caller first to the
correct thousand group and then to the correct
hundred group in that particular thousand group.
• The last two digits select correct subscriber number
in that particular hundred group.
 CALL PROCESSING IN STROWGER EXCHANGE
• When calling subs lifts handset, line cct
relays & Uniselector operates to hunt for and
seize first free Grp selector.
• The first digit dialled steps upC Group
selector wipers to reqd level & then
automatically cuts into bank contacts to find and
seize the first free selector of the next stage i.e
Final selector. Subs thus gets connected to free
FS serving the wanted 100 line group.
• Remaining last two digits steps the FS to
reqd level and reqd bank contact in that level to
which the called subs line is connected.
• The calling subs thus gets connected to the
called subs.
• Dial tone is fed by First stage Group
selector.
• Ringing to called subs, RBT to calling subs,
Ring trip on called subs answer, Called subs
answer signal (Bty reversal), automatic charging
of call is performed by the Final Selector.
• Returning Busy tone on Selector level all
outlets engaged condition or called subs busy
condition is performed by respective selector
and the Final Selector.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
•CROSSBAR SWITCHING SYSTEM

•PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1.When subs lifts handset, a register is seized

that intimates Line Unit to choose calling subs.
2.When subs starts dialling, impulses are
stored in the register.
3.When sufficient digits recd, register takes
the help of Translator for giving routing code
of called subs exch.
•Register orders Group Unit to communicate
with Translator.
•4. On receipt of Routing code, GU makes
selection of free circuit to the reqd Line Unit
and intimate the Register.
•5. Register gives the switching order & free
junction is now connected to Register Junctor(
RJ). GU is released now.
•6. Now, the path is through to the called line
unit.
•7. The register installs the Local Feed
Junctor(LFJ) for providing transmission
bridge, ringing & metering ccts, and holding of
established connection.
•8. Register gets itself released & is now free
to handle other calls.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS
In electronic exchange, a computer is used to control the
functions of exchange according to information fed to it
through dial pulses by subs.

Consists of mainly Four Sub-systems –

1.Terminal Equipment
2.Switching Network
3.Common Control Equipment.
4.Input/Output ( I/O) peripherals.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
1. Used for terminating each subs line, trunk and
service circuits on individual basis.
2. Detection, Signalling, Speech transmission and
call supervision takes place in this unit.
3. Line circuits supervises and provide battery
feed to subs line.
4. Trunk circuits are used on Outgoing, Incoming
and Transit calls for battery feed and
supervision.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SWITCHING NETWORK

THE SWITCHING NETWORK CONNECTS

TWO EXCHANGE TERMINATIONS AND
TRANSMITS SPEECH AND SIGNALS
BETWEEN THEM.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
COMMON CONTROL EQUIPMENT

•THE CONTROL SYSTEMS CONTROLS AND

SUPERVISES THE SPEECH PATH.
•IT CONSISTS A MICROPROCESSOR THAT
WORKS ON SETS OF WRITTEN PROGRAMS IN
ITS MEMORY.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
INPUT/OUTPUT PERIPHERALS

INPUT/OUTPUT PERIPHERALS ARE

USED TO ENTER OPERATOR
COMMANDS AND TO GIVE OUT DATA.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SWITCHING TYPES

TWO TYPES OF SWITCHING SYSTEMS

ARE IN USE –
1.ANALOGUE SWITCHING.
2.DIGITAL SWITCHING.
 INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SWITCHING SYSTEM PRINCIPLE

THE SYSTEM OF SWITCHING ARE BASED ON

DIFFERENT PRINCIPLE CORRECPONDING TO
EACH SYSTEM

1.SPACE DIVISION
2.TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(TDM)
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
SPACE DIVISION SYSTEM

• In this system, Eqpt is occupied exclusively for

the duration of the call and cannot be used to
carry more than one call at a time.
• E.g. In strowger exch, a call uses a particular
group and final selectors for the duration of the
call, and the call can be identified by the
particular space or chain of selectors it occupies.
• In Electronic exch, space-division principle uses
a speech switching network in which the routing
of a particular call employs eqpt exclusive to that
call.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
• In Time Division switching systems the speech and supervisory
signals are first converted into digital signals using pulse code
modulation technique.

• In PCM we transmit samples of information in discrete points of

time in place of continuous information.

• These discrete points of time are called a time slot or a channel.

• In between two consecutive samples of one speech signal we can

send samples of other speech signals by multiplexing.

• Therefore same physical path can be used for many speech

signals in their respective time slots.

• This physical path containing many channels is called a highway.

INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES.
1. No or Minimum moving parts reduces the wear & tear of
equipment. No adjustment of Eqpt required.
2. Reduced Mtce, effort, high reliability, and long life of components.
3. Fault diagnostic and removal easy.
4. Many reports like Eqpt load, congestion, anamolies etc. giving
status of health of exch readily available to Mtce. Staff.
5. Less noise and power consumption
6. Requires less space & less time to install.
7. Many facilities are available to subs like dynamic STD, detailed
billing, auto call transfer, conferencing etc.
8. Easy to change exch data and control functions through simple
commands giving enormous flexibility to operative staff.
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONEY

THE END
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