The data link layer provides services to the network layer such as virtual communication, error control, and flow control. It frames packets into frames for transmission and regulates data flow between fast and slow devices. It can provide unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, or acknowledged connection-oriented services depending on the reliability of the transmission medium. Framing is used to delineate frames and can involve techniques such as character counting, byte stuffing, or bit stuffing to ensure synchronization.
The data link layer provides services to the network layer such as virtual communication, error control, and flow control. It frames packets into frames for transmission and regulates data flow between fast and slow devices. It can provide unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, or acknowledged connection-oriented services depending on the reliability of the transmission medium. Framing is used to delineate frames and can involve techniques such as character counting, byte stuffing, or bit stuffing to ensure synchronization.
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This ppt describes the data link layer in networking systems.
The data link layer provides services to the network layer such as virtual communication, error control, and flow control. It frames packets into frames for transmission and regulates data flow between fast and slow devices. It can provide unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, or acknowledged connection-oriented services depending on the reliability of the transmission medium. Framing is used to delineate frames and can involve techniques such as character counting, byte stuffing, or bit stuffing to ensure synchronization.
The data link layer provides services to the network layer such as virtual communication, error control, and flow control. It frames packets into frames for transmission and regulates data flow between fast and slow devices. It can provide unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, or acknowledged connection-oriented services depending on the reliability of the transmission medium. Framing is used to delineate frames and can involve techniques such as character counting, byte stuffing, or bit stuffing to ensure synchronization.
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Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Design Issues
• Services Provided to the Network Layer • Framing • Error Control • Flow Control Functions of the Data Link Layer • Provide service interface to the network layer • Dealing with transmission errors • Regulating data flow • Slow receivers not swamped by fast senders Functions of the Data Link Layer (2) Relationship between packets and frames. Services Provided to Network Layer (a) Virtual communication. (b) Actual communication. Placement of DLL Placement of the data link protocol. Types of services provided to the Network Layer Unacknowledged Connectionless service
Acknowledged Connectionless service
Acknowledged Connection-Oriented service Unacknowledged Connectionless service
Losses are taken care of at higher layers
Used on reliable medium like coax cables or optical fiber, where the error rate is low. Appropriate for voice, where delay is worse than bad data. Acknowledged Connectionless service Useful on unreliable medium like wireless. Acknowledgements add delays. Adding ack in the DLL rather than in the NL is just an optimization and not a requirement. Leaving it for the NL is inefficient as a large message (packet) has to be resent in that case in contrast to small frames here. On reliable channels, like fiber, the overhead associated with the ack is not justified. Acknowledged Connection- oriented service Most reliable, Guaranteed service – Each frame sent is indeed received Each frame is received exactly once Frames are received in order Special care has to be taken to ensure this in connectionless services Framing Character Count
Flag bytes with byte stuffing
Flag bytes with bit stuffing
Framing with Character Count A character stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error. Problem with Framing with CC What if the count is garbled Even if with checksum, the receiver knows that the frame is bad there is no way to tell where the next frame starts. Asking for retransmission doesn’t help either because the start of the retransmitted frame is not known No longer used Framing with byte stuffing Framing with byte stuffing Problem : fixed character size : assumes character size to be 8 bits : can’t handle heterogeneous environment. Framing with bit stuffing
Bit stuffing (a) The original data. (b) The data as they appear on the line. (c) The data as they are stored in receiver’s memory after destuffing. I Acknowledge
