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    Lecture 4-Introduction To Sociology

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    Medine Nur Doğanay
    Karl Marx developed a theoretical approach focused on conflict and power relations in society. He argued that the mode of production, such as capitalism, shapes social relations and leads to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Under capitalism, workers experience alienation as their labor becomes a commodity and they lose control over their work. Marx believed this inequality and alienation would increase class consciousness among workers and ultimately lead to revolution.

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    Lecture 4-Introduction To Sociology

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    Medine Nur Doğanay
    52 views11 pages
    Karl Marx developed a theoretical approach focused on conflict and power relations in society. He argued that the mode of production, such as capitalism, shapes social relations and leads to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Under capitalism, workers experience alienation as their labor becomes a commodity and they lose control over their work. Marx believed this inequality and alienation would increase class consciousness among workers and ultimately lead to revolution.

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    Lecture 4-Introduction to Sociology

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    Karl Marx developed a theoretical approach focused on conflict and power relations in society. He argued that the mode of production, such as capitalism, shapes social relations and leads to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Under capitalism, workers experience alienation as their labor becomes a commodity and they lose control over their work. Marx believed this inequality and alienation would increase class consciousness among workers and ultimately lead to revolution.

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    52 views11 pages

    Lecture 4-Introduction To Sociology

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    Medine Nur Doğanay
    Karl Marx developed a theoretical approach focused on conflict and power relations in society. He argued that the mode of production, such as capitalism, shapes social relations and leads to class conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Under capitalism, workers experience alienation as their labor becomes a commodity and they lose control over their work. Marx believed this inequality and alienation would increase class consciousness among workers and ultimately lead to revolution.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Introduction to

    Sociology
    Lecture 4
    Different theoretical approaches to society
    Karl Marx
    Dr. Feyda Sayan Cengiz
    Recap from last week
    • Major theoretical approaches to explain society and social change
    • Durkheim - Sociology as a science – Studying social facts
    • His question: What holds societies together?
    • Collective consciousness
    • Division of labor – evolution of division of labor from pre-industrial to industrial societies
    • Mechanical – based on similarity of actors
    • Organic – based on difference of actors (where does solidarity come from then?)
    • Anomie
    • Types of suicide
    How/in what way have societies changed?
    What happens to people when societies
    change?
    • Two different theoretical approaches and explanations proposed by two
    figures
    • Durkheim: The way in which society holds together changes – from
    mechanical to organic solidarity – that is what’s new
    • Marx: The change in mode of production and a new form of class conflict
    – that is what’s new
    Karl Marx

    Lived btw 1818- 1883

    German

    Education – Law and philosophy

    Contributions to many different disciplines: Philosophy,


    economy, political science, sociology
    Marx – Focus on conflict and power relations

    • Contrary to Durkheim, Marx focuses on the inequalities, power relations and


    class conflict in societies
    • What are the inequalities after the Industrial Revolution? What kind of social
    conflict is there?
    Marx and “class conflict”
    • With the Industrial Revolution, the dominant “mode of production” changed. Now there
    are factories and mass production.
    • The Industrial Revolution changes societies: A lot of people are working in factories as
    industrial workers
    • There are rich factory owners, they are the capitalists who own and operate factories. They
    want to have more profit.
    • Marx observed the conditions of workers in Britain at the heyday of Industrial Revolution
    • There is a lot of wealth accumulating because of mass production
    • But there is also growing inequality in how wealth is shared
    Marx and class conflict
    • There have always been inequalities in the history, (like slaves and their owners)
    • According to Marx, in the modern society  the major inequality is between capitalists
    (the bourgeoisie) and the proletariat
    • Capitalists - bourgeoisie: People who own and operate factories (means of production) to
    gain profits
    • Proletariat - proletarians: People who sell their labor for wages – they are not slaves, they are
    free to sell their labor
    • Class conflict: The conflict in capitalist society is between capitalists (bourgeoisie) and
    proletariat, according to Marx
    • Capitalists  exploit proletariat to maximize profits and gain surplus value
    Marx and alienation
    • What happens to workers in this system? Alienation
    • Alienation: The experience of isolation and misery resulting from
    powerlessness.
    • Acc to Marx, human nature is productive – It is human nature to put in labor
    and enjoy the products of labor
    • Under capitalism, their labor becomes a “commodity” – sold and bought for
    a certain amount of wage. This leads to alienation
    Marx and alienation
    Under capitalism, workers experience what Marx calls alienation
    • Alienation from the act of working : Work loses its meaning in the worker’s life – no
    development of personal potential. No part in decision making
    • Alienation from products of work : The worker only performs a very limited task –
    does not know about the whole product
    • Alienation from other workers: Bonds are broken, there is competition
    • Alienation from human potential : Physical and mental energies are exhausted
    Marx as a materialist
    • Economy, the change in economic relations, the change in mode of
    production  Also changes social relations, acc to Marx.

    • Infrastructure – the economy


    • Infrastructure (economy) determines social institutions , ideas and values -
    superstructure.
    Marx and class conflict
    • So what will happen in the future of capitalism, according to Marx?
    • There will be fewer and fewer, bigger capitalists
    • A lot of more people will become poorer, and there will be more
    proletarians – The proletariat class will grow
    • The inequality between capitalists and proletarians will be sharper
    • Workers will move from “false consciousness” to “class consciousness” and
    make a revolution

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