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Instrumentation is vital for modern industries and is used widely in power plants, process industries, and other applications to measure and control variables. It includes primary elements that directly measure parameters like pressure, temperature, level, and flow, as well as secondary elements like switches and annunciators. Common instruments described in the document include thermocouples, RTDs, pH meters, flow meters, and the 761 controller. Programmable logic controllers are also discussed as the "brains" of automation that perform logical operations to monitor and control industrial processes.

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93 views15 pages

Final Presentation

Instrumentation is vital for modern industries and is used widely in power plants, process industries, and other applications to measure and control variables. It includes primary elements that directly measure parameters like pressure, temperature, level, and flow, as well as secondary elements like switches and annunciators. Common instruments described in the document include thermocouples, RTDs, pH meters, flow meters, and the 761 controller. Programmable logic controllers are also discussed as the "brains" of automation that perform logical operations to monitor and control industrial processes.

Uploaded by

kamal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUMENTATION

These days instrumentation’s very vital to


modern industries. The use of
instrumentation system is in power plant,
process industries, automation, production
machines,various control and safety
devices etc. A device used directly or
indirectly to measure or control a variable.
The term includes primary elements, final
control elements and electrical devices
such as Annunciators, Switches, Push
buttons. A collection of instruments which
directly or indirectly observe measure and
control the physical parameters .
 PARAMETERS OF INSTRUMENTATION

 1). Pressure

 2). Temperature

 3). Level

 4). Flow
 
 5). Consistency

 6) . PH
 INSTRUMENTS USED IN BILT
 Conductivity measuring instruments – used in D.M. Plant.
 pH measuring instruments – used in D.M. Plant .
 Flow measuring instruments – installed at PDM tank, super
heater, water inlet in steam drum and in turbine section.
 Pressure measuring instruments – installed at ID fan, FD fan,
main steam pipe, derator tank and turbine section.
 Temperature measuring instruments –used in main steam line,
derator tank, steam drum, furnaces and also in turbine section.
 Level measuring instruments –used in various drums and
tanks used in this section.
 Control valves are installed at different places in the whole
powerhouse.
 Speed measurement of rotational speed of shaft in turbine
section.
 761 controller is used in every section of powerhouse.
 Flow Measurment
 Flow Measurements are also important parameters to be
measured. The flow rate of the flowing pulp gives an idea of
the consistency of the pulp. The various flow meters, which
are used in BILT, are: -

 ROTAMETER: - It consists of a vertical tube with a tapered


cone in which a float assumes a vertical position
corresponding to each flow rate through the tube. The tube is
made up of steel and float is of brass. It works on equation: -

 ORIFICE METER: - It consists of an orifice plate inserted in


a pipeline cases an increase in flow velocity and a
corresponding decrease in pressure. The Flow pattern shows
an effective decrease in cross of flow beyond the orifice plate
with the maximum velocity and minimum pressure.
Temperature Measuring Instrument

 (A) Thermocouple:- Thermocouple is made up of two


dissimilar wires joined at their measuring and forming the
measuring junction and hot junction.
 (B) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): - RTD’s
are usually platinum wire, wound on a glass or a ceramic
babbin and sealed with a coating of ceramic or glass. They can
also be made by depositing platinum as a film .The electric
resistance of RTD changes as a function of temperature.
 The circuit is similar to a wheat stone bridge .A constant
current into the bridge produces an output voltage that varies
with temperature.
 RTD’s are generally more accurate and more stable over time
than thermocouple.
pH meter
 pH Meter :  
 It is a device which measures the pH of any liquid such as
acid and water.
 Working of pH Meter:
 Hydrogen ion concentration is measured on scale that ranges
from 0-14. When the value on scale is 7.0 hydrogen ions and
hydroxyl ions balance each other as in case of distilled water.
 When the pH value is more than 7.0 solution is alkaline and
when the value is less than 7.0 the solution is acidic.
 The measurement is done by immersing a cell (pair of
electrodes) into the solution to be measured and measuring
the voltage developed across them .In the pH cell one of the
electrode is reference electrode is at a potential regardless of
the pH value of solution under test.
 Pressure Measurement:

The differential transmitter may be used for measuring liquid


flow, level or other applications requiring accurate
measurement of differential .The quality of measurement
depends to a great extent on proper installation of the
transmitter.

 Liquid Level Measurement


 
Differential pressure transmitter used for liquid level
application measures hydrostatic pressure. 
The pressure is equal to liquid height above the tab multiplied
by the specific gravity of the liquid. Pressure depends upon
volume or vessel shape.
 761 CONTROLLER(Bells make)
The single station controller used in BILT is the 761 series station
controller .The 761 station controllers is self contained microprocessor
based controller having the standard proportional integral and
derivatives function .The exact tuning method used in it does not use
any arbitrary process model .Instead it takes microprocessor technology.
The input signals for the controller are:
 Current input:
The controller can have up to four currents inputs .the input standard
range is 4-20 ma into 240 ohm input range can changed to 1-5v dc by
changing input.
 Thermocouple converter input:
One 4-20 mA measurement signal from temperature transistor or
equivalent using thermocouple is provided to the controller. 
 RTD input:
It is used for one input from 100 ohm platinum RTD for direct
temperature measurement or two elements RTD for direct temperature
measurement or two elements RTD for temperature difference input.
 Control output signal:
4-20 mA DC into 500 ohm maximum standard non isolated
output.

 Discrete output:
The controller has two non isolated open collector transistor
switch output .switch reading are 50 V DC maximum and
250 mA maximum.

 A.C supply voltage : 


110V, 220V, 50 Hz.
 D.C supply voltage :
24 V ,1 mA
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL 
The P.L.C stands for Programmable logic control .It is an industrial computer
based system which performs discrete and continuous control function for a
plant or factory automation .The first P.L.C was designed in 1968.
 The various P.L.C components are as follow:
 C.P.U
 Power supply
 I/O System
 Programming Unit

 Types:

 The P.L.C are of two types:


Modular
Non-Modular

 The modular type of P.L.C have each and every components fitted in such a
way that it can be checked by taking it out but the non modular type of P.L.C
have every thing fitted within & it can't be
 C.P.U.
It stands for the central processing unit .It contains the
processor which performs all the work required to be done for
the process control .It act as the brain of the P.L.C it performs
function which are given below:

 Logical operation:
It performs the logical operations like AND, OR, NOT.

 Power supply:
It is used to charge the various units (I/O system, peripherals
& C.P.U) connected together to make a P.L.C it supplies the
power at various levels as required by the units.
 I/O System:
The input module is used to convert the various input signals
which are in the form of 24V DC, 220V AC, which are
understood by the C.P.U the output module does the work
opposite to that of the input module it converts the 5V DC
signal given by the C.P.U to 24 V DC 220 AC as realized by
the other devices in the field.
 How P.L.C Works
  The functionality of P.LC includes the following:
 Input updating
 Program execution
 Output updating
 
 The functioning of the P.L.C include firstly input updating it
checks every input &updates the input value if it gas changed.
Then it executes the program feed in already and then
according to the values generated for a output it gives the
output .The time taken in performing the above three
functions is called the scan time.
 2.26Advantages and disadvantages
1. The main advantages of automation are:
2. Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard
physical or monotonous work.
3. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous
environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities,
underwater, etc)
4. Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of
size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.

 The main disadvantages of automation are:


1. Technology limits. Current technology is unable to automate
all the desired tasks.
2. Unpredictable development costs.
3. High initial cost.

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