COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
BY-SUMIT SRIVASTAVA
MACHINE CODE
• The only type of program a computer can run is a machine code
program.
• …which looks like this….
Low Level Languages
• Low-level languages were developed to make it
easier for programmers to write and edit programs.
• Each machine
code instruction is
given a mnemonic.
ASSEMBLER
• A Low level language is often called an Assembly
Language.
• A computer cannot run an Assembly Language program.
• An Assembler converts an Assembly Language program
into machine code …then the computer can run it.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• It takes many instructions to perform simple tasks.
• Assembled programs run fast – so needed for Eg. Games.
..but Assembly language
programming is still hard work…so….
A high level language uses recognisable
instructions – closer to English!
It is easier for programmers to develop
and edit high level programs…and this
will mean faster program development.
…and fewer bugs!
A High level language program need to be
translated into machine code programs before a
computer can run it.
Compilers translate high level language source
code into executable object code programs…that
the computer can run.
Interpreters translate each line of a high level
language program, running each instruction as it
does so.
FORTRAN – (FORmula TRANslator)
used for scientific computing.
ALGOL – (ALGOrithmic Language)
COBOL (Common Business
Orientated Language) used for
commercial programming.
BASIC – (Beginner’s All-Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code) – a
learning language.
PASCAL – A well-structured
teaching language.
C, C+, C++, C* - Evolved from
Algol.
JAVA – Popular language used for
teaching programming
Scientific languages would have powerful
mathematical functions, and facilities for
high precision arithmetic to many decimal
places…
Commercial languages would have many
data processing functions (searching and
sorting) and filing facilities.
HTML
..stands for HyperText Markup Language.
.... is used to develop web pages. A web page is
really a program written in HTML with
instructions for the web browser telling it how
to display the page.
Hyperlinks can be used for navigation between
web pages.
Multimedia objects can be embedded in a web
page.
Some languages have a special purpose such
as…
PROLOG – for Artificial Intelligence
GASP - for Simulation
OCCAM – for parallel processing systems.
ADA – for programming embedded systems.
A sequence of instructions is executed.
…use variables, program control (loops etc)
and subroutines.
Examples : PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL.
A set of facts…
…and a set of rules, from which information is
deduced.
Facts :
Parent(Tom, Bob)
Parent(Pam,Bob)
Male(Tom)
..and a set of rules
Father(X,Y) := …and a query which is answered by applying
parent(X,Y) the facts and rules…
Male(X)
Brother(X,Y) := ? father(who,Bob)
parent(Z,X)
Parent(Z,Y)
Male(X) who = Tom
Object Oriented Programming
Languages (OOPs)
– Objects have Properties and Methods.
– Properties can be set initially or at run-time.
– Methods are the things the object can do.
Examples of OOPs – C#, VB .NET, JAVA, PHP, PYTHON)
FUNDAMENTALS OF AN OOP…
A Class defines the properties and methods of something.
A DOG is a class –
Properties may include: Colour, Breed, No of Legs, etc…
Methods may be Bark, Eat, Run, Sit, etc..
An Object is a particular instance of a Class.
LASSIE is an instance of a DOG
A Sub-Class may be defined such as SPANIEL that INHERITS
the methods and properties of the Class DOG.
Visual Languages
Visual Languages allow the programmer to manipulate
objects visually on a form, and set their layout and
properties.
Often used to create Microsoft Windows Applications.
Examples : Visual Basic, Visual C#, Delphi.
ALL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES MUST HAVE…
• International Standards.
• Difficult to create because of different hardware and software
manufacturers.
• An unambiguous syntax.
• There should never be two
different ways for a computer
to interpret an instruction.
