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Mixing Problem

This document discusses mixing problems involving tanks that hold solutions. It provides examples of setting up and solving differential equations to model how the amount of a substance in a tank varies over time based on input and output rates. The basic model accounts for the rate of change of a substance in a tank based on the input rate and concentration of the substance entering, and the output rate and concentration leaving. Two cases are considered: when the volume in the tank remains constant, and when it changes. Worked examples demonstrate setting up and solving first-order linear differential equations for these types of mixing problems.

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Allen Castor
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211 views28 pages

Mixing Problem

This document discusses mixing problems involving tanks that hold solutions. It provides examples of setting up and solving differential equations to model how the amount of a substance in a tank varies over time based on input and output rates. The basic model accounts for the rate of change of a substance in a tank based on the input rate and concentration of the substance entering, and the output rate and concentration leaving. Two cases are considered: when the volume in the tank remains constant, and when it changes. Worked examples demonstrate setting up and solving first-order linear differential equations for these types of mixing problems.

Uploaded by

Allen Castor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mixing Problem

Applications to 1st Order DE


Key Terms
• Tanks
• Mixing problems
• Input rate
• Output rate
• Volume rates
• Concentration
Mixing Problems
• The problems we will discuss are called mixing problems.
• They employ tanks and other receptacles that hold solutions,
mixtures usually containing water and an additional element such
as salt.
• While these examples might appear to be inane, they should not be
underestimated. They take on an urgency when the tanks are lakes
or body organs.
Mixing Problems
• Consider a lake with a factory on its shore that introduces a
pollutant into the lake.
• The lake is fed by one river and drained by another, keeping the
volume of the lake constant.
• Using the methods we discuss in this section, we can model how
the amount of pollutant in the lake varies with time.
• We can then make intelligent decisions about the danger involved
in this situation.
Model:

•The basic model involves the rate of


change of a substance in a “tank” that
contains a fluid, based on the rate of
input of the substance and the rate of
output of the substance.
Model:
We have
rate in = volume rate in × concentration within the fluid entering

rate out = volume rate out × concentration within the fluid exiting

Units of measurement:
Volume rate = gal/min, liters/hr, etc. (time units can vary)

Concentration = lbs/gal, kg/liter, etc.


Model:
Using units we have
rates in or rates out= volume rate × concentration
= gal/min × lbs/gal = lbs/min
or = liter/hr × kg/liter = kg/hr ETC.
So for example the fundamental differential equation is

rate of change of substance = rate in − rate out


= lbs/min of input – lbs/min of output
Model:
Two Basic Cases
•volumeof fluid in the tank remains constant
volume/flow rate in volume/flow rate out

volume of fluid in the tank changes


volume/flow rate in volume/flow rate out
Example 1
• Suppose we start with a 100-gallon vat of pure water and then
start pouring in ethanol at a rate of 2 gallons/minute. Some rotors
in the vat mix the ethanol and water thoroughly. At the same time
that we start pouring in the ethanol, we also open a drain at the
bottom of the vat, so that the mixture of water & ethanol drains
out at a rate of 2 gallons/minute. Set up a differential equation for
the quantity (in gallons) Aof ethanol in the vat at time t (in
minutes), and then solve the differential equation.
Example 1 (Case 1)
•Case 1:

Where:
Example 1 (Case 1)
•
Example 1 (Case 1)
•
Example 1 (Case 1)
•
Example 1 (Case 1)
•Given:
Example 1 (Case 1)
•

At

Therefore:
Example 1 (Case 1)
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•Suppose we start with a 200-gallon vat of pure water and
then start pouring in acetic acid (AcOH) at a rate of 4
gallons/minute. Some rotors in the vat mix the acetic acid
and water thoroughly. At the same time that we start
pouring in the acetic acid, we also open a drain at the
bottom of the vat, so that the mixture of water & acetic acid
drains out at a rate of 5 gallons/minute. Set up a differential
equation for the quantity (in gallons) of acetic acid in the
vat at time t (in minutes), and then solve the differential
equation.
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•Given:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•

Linear DE:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•Integrating factor:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•Integrating factor:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•General Solution:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
•Particular Solution:

At

Therefore:
Example 2 (Case 2: )
Seatwork:
A tank contains 8 L (liters) of water in which is dissolved
32 g (grams) of chemical. A solution containing 2 g/L of the
chemical flows into the tank at a rate of 4 L/min, and the
well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 2 L/min.
1. Determine the amount of chemical in the tank after 20
minutes.
2. What is the concentration of chemical in the tank at that
time?
Assignment:
•A drain is opened in a 150-liter tank of pure water so that
the contents of the tank pour out at a rate of 3 liters/minute.
At the same time, a chute is opened so that a solution of 50%
hydrazine and 50% water starts pouring into the tank at a
rate of 3 liters/minute. During this process, the contents of
the tank are thoroughly mixed. Write out a differential
equation describing the amount of hydrazine (in liters) over
time (in minutes). Then solve the differential equation for .

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