E2 Motors and Motor Starting

(Modified)

#1 Fan Motors


 Basic Electric Motor

• Stator
– Stationary electromagnet
• Rotor
– Rotating magnet
• Movement of the rotor
– Rotates by repulsion and attraction of stator

  2
Exploded View
of Motor

STATOR
(with windings)

ROTOR
(with shaft)

]   3
 Two-pole stator motor

Stator Rotor
(Stationary) (Rotates)

N
S N S N
S Stator repels &
Polarity reverses
attracts rotor into
(N to S) on stator motion

+_
When stator is energized the
rotor will make a half turn
with each half of current cycle

  4
 Second half of cycle

S N
Stator continues
N
S S
N
Polarity reverses
motion by repelling
and attracting
(N to S) on stator

+ _ The alternating current now

changes direction
  5
 Motor Starting

All motors need a phase shift to start rotation

  6
 Motor Tries to Start
Stator

N Power applied
Equal and
opposite to stators
attraction S
Opposite attraction
Rotor
Rotor will NOT move
Equal and N
opposite
attraction

S
Stator

  7
 A Phase Shift is Needed
Stator

A phase shift S
causes rotation
Rotor
A magnetic field is
N formed at a slightly
different angle
This phase shift can be
caused by: S
A shaded pole
Stator
A start winding
A capacitor
3 separate phases
  8
 Shaded-Pole Motors

• Low starting torque

• Low efficiency
• Low cost

  9
Examples of Shaded-Pole Motors

  10
 Starting a Shaded-Pole Motor

• Each pole has a copper band attached

– The shaded-pole provides the phase shift
needed to start rotation
• Usually impedance protected
– A stalled blade will not cause burned windings

  11
Rotation toward the Shaded Pole

N S N S

  12
Shaded-Pole Motor Wiring

BLACK LINE

GREEN GROUND

  13
 Changing Motor Rotation

• Shaded-pole motors can be reversed:

– First, turn stator around
– Second, turn blade around

  14
 Interesting Motor Fact

Motor efficiency:
A 100 watt 50% efficient motor will put out
50 watts of work, and 50 watts of heat.

  15
Shaded-pole C-frame Motor

  16
To Reverse Turn Stator
Rotation Around

` `

  17
Turn fan blade Rotation is now
around reversed

  18
 Multi-speed Shaded-Pole Motors
• Speed depends on winding resistance
– Low speed: most resistance
– High speed: least resistance
• Motor speed is based on where power is
connected into the winding

High Medium Low

Common Speed Speed Speed

  19
Shaded-Pole 3-Speed Motor Wiring
Common Wire is White (115v) or Black (230v)

BLACK
BLACK-HIGH LINE
LINE
BLUE-MED

RED-LOW

GREEN GROUND

  20
 Split Phase Motors

• Have two separate windings, a run and a

start
• The start winding provides the phase shift
for starting
• More efficient and have more torque than
shaded pole motors

  21
 A Split Phase Motor is a
Two-pole stator motor …
with Start Windings added
Start

Run Run

TO RUN R
WINDINGS
Start
C
TO START
WINDINGS S
  22
Start & Run Winding Resistances

NG

RU
N
DI

W
IN

IN
W

DI
T
AR

NG
ST

S Ω
Ω R
 VAC
DC

COM V/

  23
Windings of a split phase motor

  24
 Split Phase Motor

This motor needs power to

the start winding to start

S C R

START RUN
WINDING WINDING
This motor
This motor needs needs power to
a start winding for the run winding
a phase shift to run
LINE

  25
 Fan Motor with Centrifugal Switch

• A mechanical switch is used to de-energize the

start winding
• The switch is attached to the motor shaft
• After the motor starts, centrifugal force opens
the switch
• The start winding circuit remains open as long
as the motor is running

  26
Split Phase Motor with Centrifugal Switch

Centrifugal switch opens start winding

S C R

START RUN
WINDING WINDING

LINE

  27
 Fan Motor with Centrifugal Switch

• The next slide is a picture of a fan motor with

the motor cover removed
• The centrifugal switch is attached to the motor
shaft
• The switch contacts are attached to the end
bell (motor cover)

  28
Motor with Centrifugal Switch
Weights shift,
Motor Speed disk moves back
Start winding Increases
energized

Before starting,
disk pushes bar,
closing contacts

Contacts Open To Start

Winding
Centrifugal
From Run Disk Switch
Winding
  29
 Permanent Split Capacitor Motors

• A run capacitor is “permanently” wired into

the start winding circuit
• The capacitor provides partial voltage to
the start winding, during start and run

  30
 PSC Motor with run capacitor

Low Starting Torque

Low to Medium Cost
Medium Efficiency

  31
Split Phase Motor + Run Cap = PSC Motor

NG

RU
N
DI

W
IN

IN
W

DI
T
AR

NG
ST

S R

Run Capacitor
  32
 Interesting Motor Fact

A PSC motor with a shorted run capacitor

will act like an overloaded motor.

A PSC motor with an open run capacitor

will not start.

  33
PSC Motor Wiring Diagram

BLACK LINE

BROWN

CAPACITOR
GREEN GROUND

  34
 Motor Speeds

• The synchronous speed of a motor can be

determined by the number of its poles.
• The more poles, the lower the speed.

  35
 Calculating ‘Synchronous’
Motor Speeds
• One cycle has two current flow reversals
• 60 cycles has 120 flow reversals
• Speed = (60 Hz x 120 reversals) ÷ Poles
Example: 7200 ÷ 2 Motor poles = 3600 RPM

  36
Two Pole Motor Windings

Courtesy of
7200  2 = 3600 RPM Copeland

  37
 1 2
Four Pole Motor 1

4 2
7200  4 = 1800 RPM

4 3 3
Courtesy of
Copeland

  38
 Actual ‘Rotor’ Motor Speed
• Slippage is the loss of speed from motor load
• The ‘rotor’ speed is less than the
‘synchronous’ speed.
Common motor speeds:
Synchronous: ROTOR:
2 Pole motor: 3600 3450
4 Pole motor: 1800 1750
6 Pole motor: 1200 1050
8 Pole motor: 900 850
  39
 Multi-Speed PSC Motors

• Actually they are “Multi-horsepower”

• The windings are tapped so the motor is
weaker, running slower under load
• Example of a 3-speed 1/3 HP motor:
– High speed is 1/3 HP
– Medium speed is 1/4 HP
– Low speed is 1/6 HP

  40
Single-Speed PSC Motor

NG

RU
N
DI

W
IN

IN
W

DI
T
AR

NG
ST

S R

Run Capacitor
  41
Single-Speed PSC Motor

NG

RU
N
DI

W
IN

IN
W

DI
T
AR

NG
ST

S R

Run Capacitor
  42
 Multi-speed PSC Motor

High Speed
RH

C
NG

RU

Medium Speed
DI

N
IN

W
IN

RM
W

DI
T
AR

NG
ST

S R

Low Speed
RL

©   43
3-Speed PSC Motor Wiring Diagram

BLACK
BLACK-HIGH LINE
LINE
BLUE-MED

RED-LOW

BROWN

GREEN GROUND

  44
 Interesting Motor Fact

• Multi-speed motors must be under a load

to change speeds
– Example: A multi-speed blower removed from
the blower compartment will run at high
speed, no matter which speed tap is used

©   45
 PSC 3-speed Motor

Leads for
changing motor
rotation

Run
Capacitor
Leads

Common Wire
Low Medium High
Speed Speed Speed
(red) (blue) (black)
  46
 Three Phase Motors

• High starting torque

• High efficiency
• Medium to high cost

  47
Three Phase Motors

  48
 Three Phase Motor Starting

• No start windings or capacitors needed

• High torque because the windings are
120° out of phase

  49
 3Ø Motor – Wye Connections
L1

T1

208 V

208 V
T3 T2
L2

208 V

L3

50
 
 3Ø Motor – Delta Connections

T1 L1

240 V

240 V
T3 T2
L2

240 V

L3

51
 
 Describing Common Motors

• Motor descriptions include the following

information:
– Type
– Enclosure
– Mounting

  52
Common Motor Types

  53
 Motor Enclosure Types

• Open
• Dripproof
• Totally enclosed
• Totally enclosed fan cooled

  54
 Open Enclosure Types
Open Dripproof Totally Open

Note: Prevents direct entry of moisture

Clean and Mostly Dry Clean and Dry Locations

Locations

  55
 Enclosed Type Motors

Totally Enclosed Totally Enclosed

Air Over Fan Cooled

Cooling from system air Cooling from fan forced air

passing over the motor body passing over the motor body

Totally Enclosed are good for wet and dirty conditions

  56
 Motor Mounting

• Some of the more common mounts:

– Rigid
– Cradle
– Belly band
– Stud
– C-frame
– Unit bearing

  57
Cradle Mount

  58
 Rigid Mount

Motor housing is welded to the base

  59
Belly Band Mounting

Motor slides into ring.

Then band is tightened

  60
Stud Mounts

Studs are bolted to

fan guard or
housing.

  61
Other Motor Mounting Styles

C-frame Unit bearing

  62
 Motor Nameplate

• Nameplates contain essential information

  63
Motor Nameplate explained
  64
65  
Motor Nameplate wiring diagram
 Interesting Motor Facts

• An overloaded motor (too small for the job):

– Lower speed, amperage above 10% of RLA, and
overheating
• An under-loaded motor (too big for the job):
– Little change in speed, amperage 25% below RLA,
and overheating

  66
  67