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GNC System: Guidance Navigation Control

The document discusses the key components of a GNC (Guidance, Navigation and Control) system. It describes that a GNC system interfaces with sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers to accomplish navigation, guidance and control functions for aircraft and spacecraft. It provides details on how navigation systems use sensor inputs to determine position and orientation, while guidance systems specify desired trajectories and control systems minimize errors between desired and estimated states.

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65 views28 pages

GNC System: Guidance Navigation Control

The document discusses the key components of a GNC (Guidance, Navigation and Control) system. It describes that a GNC system interfaces with sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers to accomplish navigation, guidance and control functions for aircraft and spacecraft. It provides details on how navigation systems use sensor inputs to determine position and orientation, while guidance systems specify desired trajectories and control systems minimize errors between desired and estimated states.

Uploaded by

a.w
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 GNC System

 Guidance
 Navigation
 Control
 sensor
 Gyroscope sensor
 Principe
 Accelerometer sensor
 GNC system Accomplishes three main functions for aircraft as well as space craft
 Navigation (where am I?)
 Guidance (where to go/ where go next )
 Control (how to get there)
There fore GNC system interfaces with sensor and actuators
GNC system
Navigation system
It is the art of determining where you are ?
It also determines the current position and orientation.
Based on sensor measurements, it estimates the current dynamic states
It takes also many inputs from different sensors(may be gyro, accelero, GPS
compass etc. )
 Guidance system
Its function is where go next
It is the deriver of vehicles of aircraft/ spacecraft
Based on mission requirements, it specifies the desired dynamic state
In general takes many input from navigation system(where am I) and uses
targeting information (where do I want to go) to send signals to the flight
control system to reach its destination .
Mission may be am, Vm, Xm and at, Vt and Pt
Control system
 Guidance send signals to the flight control and Digital autopilot interfaces b/n
guidance and control.
 Based on the desired & estimated state,
it calculates the required control action such that the actuators force the current
state to much the desired ones.
 It used to minimize the tracking error b/n the desired and estimated state
 Integrated guidance, navigation and control system
 What is sensor?
 Transducer is a device which transforms energy from one type to another
 Transducer can be further divided into sensors which monitors a system and
actuators which impose an action on the system.
 A sensor is a device that measures a physical or abstract quantity and converts it into
a signal which can be read by an observer or instrument.
 A device that detects or measures a signal or stimulus

 Acquires information from the real world


 Actuator
 is something that converts energy into motion. It also can be
used to
apply a force.
 A device that generates a signal or stimulus
Gyroscope sensor
 It is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of
conservation of angular momentum.
 In a missile gyroscope is a part of the missiles guidance system telling the missile if
it has rolled, yawed and pitched in flight system.
 Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses , and
replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to
assist in stability.
 Rigidity in space
 The axis of rotation of gyroscope will remain in a fixed position in space if no
force applied.
 Precession;

 The axis of rotation has a tendency to turn at right angle/ 90* to gyro in the
direction of an applied force.
 It is the movement of the spin axis when a force is applied to the
spin axis of gyroscope.
 Behavior of vertical gyro
 The gyro continuously being corrected to vertical position of airplane this will make
possible for pilot to know the actual attitude of his air plane.
 Vertical gyro called because its spin axis is automatically maintain vertically by
gravity sensing roll and pitch erection systems
Attitude; a) nose up nose down (pitch)
b) wing level (roll)
The output from gyro is used in
a)Flight recorder
b) Radar antenna stabilization
c) Flight director
 Acceleration is a measure of how quickly speed changes.
 Just as a speedometer is that measures speed,
 An accelerometer is a meter that measures acceleration and can use an
accelerometer's ability to sense acceleration
 An accelerometer can tell you how much one is oriented with respect to the Earth’s
surface.
 In general accelerometer is an instrument for measuring acceleration, detecting and
measuring vibrations, or for measuring acceleration due to gravity (inclination)
 By sensing the amount of dynamic acceleration, you can analyze the way the device
is moving.
 F=Ma=FS=KX ,
 But acceleration is in the function of (f(x) due to displacement x
 Then a=f(x) if we sense/measure the displacement (x)

then we can calculate the acceleration of the body.


 There are d/t methods to measure displacement (x)
 Capacitive, inductive & resistance technique/sensor
 Then if taken capacitive accelerometer technique we can
measure displacement x There for by increasing/ decreasing the
capacitor plates C=f(A/d) , so c decrease and d increase
 F=Ma=FS=KX
GPS system
 Is a satellite-based navigation system, which provides accurate
position and velocity info worldwide.
 A network of about 30 satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of
20,000 km.
 Developed by the US government for military navigation but latter
become available to anyone around the world.
Gps
 3 Satellites => latitude and longitude
 4 Satellites => Latitude, longitude and altitude
 Once it has information on how far away at least three satellites
are, GPS receiver pinpoint your location using a process called
trilateration
GPS is receiver can be a device or can be
integrated ic on mobiles laptop or other
electronic equipment.
 Drawback
 Operational capability degrades in harsh environments.
 Completely blocked by buildings and dense foliage
 Slow update frequency like 1Hz
 GPS in subject to jamming
Selective Availability (SA)
 SA is the intentional degradation of GPS signals controlled by the DOD to limit
accuracy for non-U. S.
 SA was turned off in May, 2000!
 Magnetometer can be used as compass where as compass can’t.
 compass is an instrument to show dirn - the dirn of magnetic north
(or south).
 It is used for navigation and things like that.
 It shows the direction of the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field.
 It does not care about the magnitude of the magnetic field.
 Magnetometer is a different kind of instrument. It mainly shows the
magnitude of the magnetic field.
Gps..
 Magnetometer are measurement instruments used for two general
purposes:
 to measure the magnetization of a magnetic material like a
ferromeagnet or
 to measure the strength and in some cases the direction of the
magnetic field at a point in space.

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