LOGIC

Proposition and Symbols

October 9, 2017
Lesson Outline
• Proposition
•Simple and Compound
Proposition
 Entry Card
Classify each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative ,
or exclamatory.
1. The principal will visit classes starting next week.
Declarative
2. Ouch ! I cut my finger. Exclamatory
3. Turn right at the fourth traffic sign. Imperative

4. Have you heard of the good news? Interrogative

5. Please reserve December 7 for me. Imperative
Kinds of Sentences
Simple sentence is a sentence that contains two or
more independence clauses.

Compound Sentence is a sentence that contains

two or more independence clauses joined by
conjunctions( for, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons,
or semicolon followed by conjunctive adverb.
Kinds of Sentences

Complex Sentence is a sentence that contains

one independent clause and one or more
dependent clause.
Compound –complex Sentence is a
compound sentence with one or more
independent clause.
Sentences are classified as follows
Declarative Sentence is used to make
statement of fact, wish , intent or feeling,
Example – I wish I could visit my grandparents
this summer.
Imperative Sentence is used to state a
command, request , or direction .
Example- Please do not answer in chorus.
 Sentences are classified as follows
Interrogative Sentence is used to ask a
question.
Example – Did you prepare for the final exam.

Exclamatory Sentence is used to express

strong feelings.
Example-The teacher shouted, “ Keep Quiet!”
What is Logic?
Who invented Logic?

How many kind of logic are there?

Which sentence can be answered as either true or
false
1. Rowena is passing in Mathematics.
2.Pass the paper and then leave the room.
3. December 7, 1953 was a Monday.
4.When will you submit your paper?
5. 5 + 3 = 8 and 12- 7 = 5
DEFINITION
PROPOSITION is a declarative
sentence that can be
classified as true or false
The sentence 1,3, and 5 are proposition.

1. Rowena is passing in Mathematics.

3. December 7, 1953 was a Monday.
5. 5 + 3 = 8 and 12- 7 = 5
The truth or falsity of each can be determined by
a direct check,
The sentence 2,and 4 cannot be answered as being
true or false
2.Pass the paper and then leave the room.

4.When will you submit your paper?

Sentence 2 is a command ( imperative

sentence) and sentence 4 is a question
( interrogative sentence)
Examples of Proposition?
• It is raining.
• The temperature in this hot summer is 33º C in Manila.
• The K to 12 curriculum of DepEd is success.
• A line is an infinite set of points
• Parallel lines will never meet however long you extend them.
• Our solar system is the only solar system in the universe.
• A point has one dimension
• x + 4 = 12 , if x = 5
• Teachers are all men
• All dogs bark.
These are not proposition
• Clean the table before you go.
• Are you hurt?
• Is there life after death?
• 12 + 3x = 25
• Please wear your ID before you enter the school
premises.
It is important that when we analyse arguments or logical
expressions, we should break down a sentence to some
composition of simple sentences.
Given the statement
‘I can play the guitar and piano.”
This is a combination of two sentences
( p) I can play the guitar, and (q) I can play he piano.

We can create compound proposition using propositional

variables ( p, q, r, s, …)
And connectives or logical operators ( ≡ , ~, ᐱ, ᐯ , →, ↔). Words
connectives such as and, or, not, and if ….then.
Logical Operators
Conjunction
Two simple propositions connected using the word and.
p and q pᐱq
Disjunction
Two simple propositions that are connected using the
word or.
p or q pᐯq
Logical Operators
Conditional
Two simple propositions connected using the word if …then.
if p , then q p→q
Biconditionals
Conjuctions of two conditional statements where the
antecedent and consequent of the first statement have been
switched in the second statement.
p if and only if q p↔q
Logical Operators
Negation
The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false
whenever the given statement is true, and true whenever the
given statement is false.
not p , but not q ~p ᐱ~q
Summary : Logical Operators
Type of Connectives Symbols
Statement
Conjunction p and q pᐱq
Disjunction p or q Pᐯq
Conditional If p, then q p→𝑞
Biconditional p if and only if q p↔𝑞
Negation Not p but not q ~𝑝 ᐱ ~ 𝑞
 Example
p : I can play the guitar
q: I can play the piano
Conjunction p ᐱ q I can play the guitar and the piano.
Disjunction P ᐯ q I can paly the guitar or the piano.
Conditional p → 𝑞 If I can paly the guitar, then I can
play the piano.
Biconditional p ↔ 𝑞 I can play the guitar if and only if I
play the piano.
Negation ~𝑝 ᐱ ~ 𝑞 I cannot play the guitar nor the
piano.
Parentheses in symbolic statements are used to tell what type
of statement are being considered. If there are no
parentheses, we follow the dominance of connectives. The list
below gives the connectives in their dominant order( from the
strongest to the weakest)
a. Bi-conditional
b. Conditional
c. Disjunction , Conjunction
d. Negation
The conjunction and disjunction are equal value.
Example- Identify each symbolic statement as a
conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional, or bi-
conditional.
a. P ᐯ Q ↔ 𝑅 a. Bi- conditional The double arrow is the
dominant connective and
there are no parentheses.

b. (P ᐱ Q ) ᐯ 𝑅 b. Disjunction The parentheses separate

the statement at the “v”
connective.
c.~ (P ᐯ Q ) c. Negation The statement is inside
the parentheses
 Example- Identify each symbolic statement as a
conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional, or bi-
conditional. There are no parentheses. Thus, the
conditional arrow stronger than any
d. ~ P ᐱ Q → 𝑅 ᐯ 𝑆 d. Condition of the other connectives. The
antecedent is ~ P ᐱand the
consequent is 𝑅 ᐯ 𝑆.
The negative sign is outside
e. ~ ( P → Q ᐱ 𝑅) e. Negation the parentheses and the
conditional arrow is inside the
parentheses.
f. P ᐱ (Q → 𝑅) f. Conjunction The parentheses separate the
statement at the “ ᐱ“.
Connective.
Truth Tables for Equivalent
Propositions
What are truth Table?
Truth tables represent the
relationship between the truth values of
propositions and compound proposition
drawn from the given propositions.
Type of Statements and their Connective Symbols
Type of Connectives Symbols
Statement
Conjunction and ᐱ
Disjunction or ᐯ
Conditional If…then →
Biconditional if and only if ↔
Negation not… ~
Connective in their dominant order:
1.Biconditional ( ↔)
2.Conditional (→)
3.Conjunction ( ᐱ) , Disjunction (ᐯ)
4.Negation ( ~ )
 A teacher promised her students, “
If you pass the final examination and
submit all the requirements, then
you may join the graduation.” The
students passes only the final exam,
but the teacher allows her to join
the graduation. Has the teacher
broken her original promise?
 Truth Table for Conjunction
Conjunction
p and q pᐱq
“ I eat ampalaya and kangkong.”
p : I eat ampalaya q: I eat kangkong
p q pᐱq The conjunction p ᐱ q of p and q is the
T T T proposition that is true only if both p and q are TRUE, if
T F F either one is FALSE, the statement is FALSE, or both
statements are FALSE, the statement is FALSE.
F T F
F F F
 Disjunction
p or q pᐯq
“ I eat ampalaya or kangkong.”
p : I eat ampalaya q: I eat kangkong

p q pᐯq The conjunction p ᐱ q of p and q is the

T T T proposition that is true If both p and q are TRUE, if
T F T either one is FALSE, the statement is TRUE, If both
statements are FALSE, the statement is FALSE.
F T T
F F F
 Conditional
if p , then q (p → q)
1. P is sufficient for q
2. P implies q
3. q follows from p
The conditional p → q of p and q is the
p q p→q proposition that is true If both p and q are TRUE, if p is
T T T FALSE and q is TRUE, , the statement is TRUE, If both
statements are FALSE, the statement is TRUE, but if q is
T F F
FALSE and p is TRUE , the statement is FALSE.
F T T
F F T
 If a student got 60% or more points from the written
test, then he will pass the subject Math 53.
Truth Tables Let p: A student got 60% or more points from
the written test.
p q p →q
q: He will pass Math 53
T T T
The conditional or implication p→ 𝑞 of p
T F F
and q is the proposition that is TRUE if both p
F T T and q are TRUE, if p is FALSE and q is TRUE,
F F T the statement is TRUE, if both statements are
FALSE, the statement is TRUE, but if q is FALSE
and p is TRUE, the statement is FALSE.
 Biconditional
p if and only if q (p ↔ q)
Truth Tables
The Biconditional p → q of p and q is the
p q p↔q proposition that is true if both p and q are TRUE or if
T T T both p and q are FALSE, If either one is FALSE, the
T F F statement is FALSE.
F T F
F F T
A student will pass Math 53 if and only if he got 60%
or more points from the written tests.
Truth Tables Let p: A student will pass Math 53
p q p→q q: He will get 60% or more points from the
T T T written test.
T F F The conditional or implication p→ 𝑞 of p
F T F and q is the proposition that is TRUE if both p
F F T and q are TRUE, if p is FALSE and q is TRUE,
the statement is TRUE, if both statements are
FALSE, the statement is TRUE, but if q is FALSE
and p is TRUE, the statement is FALSE.
 Negation
if p, then ~ 𝑝 ( read “ not p”)
Truth Tables
The Negation of a true statement is always FALSE.
p ~𝒑 The Negation of a false statement is always true.
T F
F T
Example 1. Construct a true table for
~ ( 𝑷 ᐱ 𝑸)
P Q PᐱQ ~ ( 𝑷 ᐱ 𝑸)
T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
Example 1. Construct a true table for
~ ( 𝑷 ᐯ 𝑸)
P Q 𝑷ᐯ𝑸 ~ ( 𝑷 ᐯ 𝑸)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
 Example 1. Construct a true table for
~ ( 𝑷 ᐱ ~𝑸)
P Q ~Q 𝑷 ᐱ ~𝑸 ~ ( 𝑷 ᐱ~ 𝑸)
T T F F T
T F T T F
F T F F T
F F T F T