Prepared By : HARSH PATEL
In computing, booting (also known as "booting up")
is a bootstrapping process that starts
operating systems when the user turns on a
computer system.
A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that
the computer performs when power is switched on.
The boot loader typically loads the main
operating system for the computer.
The computer word boot is short for 'bootstrap' .
In computers in the 1950s, pressing a bootstrap
button caused a hardwired program to read a
bootstrap program.
Thebootstrap concept was used in the IBM 701
computer (1952-1956) .
The small program that starts this sequence of loading into
RAM, is known as a bootstrap loader, bootstrap or boot
loader.
This small boot loader program's only job is to load other
data and programs which are then executed from RAM.
In BOOT process first POST takes place.
Commonly, the Booting process has 12 Working steps for
various operating Systems(This procedure may differ
slightly for Mac, UNIX, OS/2, or other operating systems.)
The small program that starts this sequence of loading into
RAM, is known as a bootstrap loader, bootstrap or boot
loader.
Second-stage boot loader: GRUB, BOOTMGR, LILO
or NTLDR
Network booting: Most computers are also capable of
booting over a computer network. In this scenario, the
operating system is stored on the disk of a server, and certain
parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol
such as the Trivial File Transfer Protocol
The boot device is the device from which the operating
system is loaded.
A modern PC BIOS supports booting from various
devices, typically a local hard disk drive ,an
optical disc drive, a USB device , or a network interface
card (using PXE).
Older, less common bootable devices include
floppy disk drives, SCSI devices, Zip drives, and LS-120
drives.
Other kinds of Boot sequences: Some modern CPUs
and microcontrollers may have boot ROM with boot code
integrated directly into their silicon, so they could perform quite
sophisticated boot sequence on its own and load boot programs
from various sources like NAND flash, SD or MMC card.
It is also possible to take control over a system by using a
hardware debug interface such as JTAG
Most digital signal processors have the following boot
modes:
Serial mode boot
Parallel mode boot
In IBM mainframe systems, the boot process is known as
IPL (Initial Program Load).
The term was coined by IBM for the design of the
System/360 and continues to be used in those
environments today
In systems that share the System/360 heritage—and in
some that have been inspired by it, including smaller
systems such as the IBM 1130—IPL is a hardware
function, not a program run on the system itself.
Hard Reboot : A hard reboot (also known as a cold reboot, cold
boot or cold start) is when power to a computer is cycled (turned off and
then on) or a special reset signal to the processor is triggered. This
restarts the computer without first performing any shut-down procedure
Soft reboot :A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is
restarting a computer under software control, without removing
power or (directly) triggering a reset line.
Random reboot :Random reboot is a non-technical term referring
to an unintended (and often undesired) reboot for which the cause is not
immediately evident to the user. Such reboots may occur due to a
multitude of software and hardware problems, such as triple faults.
Power-on self-test (POST) is the common term
for a computer.
It is the first step of the more general process
called BOOTING.
Systems Power-on self-test (POST) refers to the
testing sequence that occurs when a system is
first powered on.
Test the power supply to ensure that it is turned on
CPU must exit the reset status mode to be able to
execute instructions
BIOS & CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning
that it must be readable.
CPU must be able to read all forms of memory
The first 64KB of memory must be operational and
have the capability to be read and write.
I/O bus / controller must be accessible and able to
write / read from the video subsystem
The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST are as
follows:
verify the integrity of the BIOS code itself
find, size, and verify system main memory
discover, initialize, and catalog all system buses and devices
pass control to other specialized BIOS (if and when required)
provide a user interface for system's configuration
identify, organize, and select which devices are available for
booting
construct whatever system environment that is required by the
target OS
Original IBM POST beep codes
POST AMI BIOS beep codes
POST beep codes on A+ Hardware Core exam
IBM POST diagnostic code descriptions
Apple's Macintosh computers also perform a POST
after a cold boot. In the event of a fatal error, the
Mac will not make its startup chime.
Old World Macs (until 1998)
New World Macs (1998-1999)
New World Macs (1999 onward) and Intel-based
Macs
POST Sequence of Amiga
Sequence for all main Amiga models
Amiga Color Screens Scheme
16.4 - Correct Tests Color Sequence Scheme
Failed Tests Color Scheme
Amiga Keyboard LED error signals
Thank You
