Computer Operating System

What is Operating System (OS)

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware. An operating system
is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
What is Operating System (OS)
Operating System
Memory Manager
Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating
computer memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running
programs to optimize overall system performance. Memory management
resides in hardware, in the OS (operating system), and in programs and
applications.
Memory Manager
In hardware, memory management involves components that
physically store data, such as RAM (random access memory) chips,
memory caches, and flash-based SSDs (solid-state drives). In the
OS, memory management involves the allocation (and constant
reallocation) of specific memory blocks to individual programs as user
demands change. At the application level, memory management
ensures the availability of adequate memory for the objects and data
structures of each running program at all times. Application memory
management combines two related tasks, known as allocation and
recycling.
Process Manager
Process management is an integral part of any modern-day operating
system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable
processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of
each process from other processes and enable synchronization among
processes. To meet these requirements, the OS must maintain a data
structure for each process, which describes the state and resource
ownership of that process, and which enables the OS to exert control over
each process.
Device Manager
The device manager monitors every device channel and control unit.it has
to choose the most efficient way to allocate all of the System devices that
are connected to the computer such as(USB,Printer,External Hard
Drives).
File Manager
The File Manager Checks every type of files that is on the system (.Txt .C
.Exe .DMG .SH) this means data files program files compilers and
installed application.
Different Kinds of Operating System
Windows Operating System (OS)

MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System (1981)

Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating
system for IBM-compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were
very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent
versions have become increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of
minicomputer operating systems.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992)

Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing
boxes, or "windows" that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating
system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, windows 1.0 allowed users to point
and click to access the windows.

In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for
the Intel 286 processor. This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and
improved graphics support.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994)

Windows 3.0 was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and
advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This version
is the first release that provides the standard "look and feel" of Microsoft Windows
for many years to come. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager, File Manager
and Print Manager and games (Hearts, Minesweeper and Solitaire). Microsoft
released Windows 3.1 in 1992.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 95 was released in 1995 and was a major upgrade to the
Windows operating system. This OS was a significant advancement over
its precursor, Windows 3.1. In addition to sporting a new user interface,
Windows 95 also includes a number of important internal improvements.
Perhaps most important, it supports 32-bit applications, which means that
applications written specifically for this operating system should run much
faster.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Although Windows 95 can run older Windows and DOS applications, it
has essentially removed DOS as the underlying platform. This has meant
removal of many of the old DOS limitations, such as 640K of main
memory and 8-character filenames. Other important features in this
operating system are the ability to automatically detect and configure
installed hardware (plug and play).
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 98 (June 1998)

Windows 98 offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32,

AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and ACPI. Its most visible feature, though, is the Active
Desktop, which integrates the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with the operating
system. From the user's point of view, there is no difference between accessing a
document residing locally on the user's hard disk or on a Web server halfway
around the world.
Windows Operating System
Windows 2000 (February 2000)

Often abbreviated as "W2K," Windows 2000 is an operating system for

business desktop and laptop systems to run software applications,
connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and
network resources. Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000:
Professional (for business desktop and laptop systems), Server (both a
Web server and an office server), Advanced Server (for line-of-business
applications) and Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks).
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows XP was released in 2001. Along with a redesigned look and feel
to the user interface, the new operating system is built on the Windows
2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than
previous versions of Windows. Windows XP comes in two versions,
Home and Professional. Microsoft focused on mobility for both editions,
including plug and play features for connecting to wireless networks. The
operating system also utilizes the 802.11x wireless security standard.
Windows XP is one of Microsoft's best-selling products.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows Vista (November 2006)

Windows Vista offered an advancement in reliability, security, ease of

deployment, performance and manageability over Windows XP. New in
this version was capabilities to detect hardware problems before they
occur, security features to protect against the latest generation of threats,
faster start-up time and low power consumption of the new sleep state. In
many cases, Windows Vista is noticeably more responsive than Windows
XP on identical hardware. Windows Vista simplifies and centralizes
desktop configuration management, reducing the cost of keeping systems
updated.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 7 (October, 2009)

Windows 7 was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009 as the latest

in the 25-year-old line of Windows operating systems and as the
successor to Windows Vista (which itself had followed Windows XP).
Windows 7 was released in conjunction with Windows Server 2008 R2,
Windows 7's server counterpart. Enhancements and new features in
Windows 7 include multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8, improved
performance and start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero Shake, support for virtual
hard disks, a new and improved Windows Media Center, and improved
security.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 8 was released on August. 1, 2012 and is a completely
redesigned operating system

that's been developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind
as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to
load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 8 will replace the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look
and feel with a new "Metro" design system interface that first debuted in
the Windows Phone 7 mobile operating system. The Metro user interface
primarily consists of a "Start screen" made up of "Live Tiles," which are
links to applications and features that are dynamic and update in real
time. Windows 8 supports both x86 PCs and ARM processors.
Windows Operating System (OS)
Windows 10

Windows 10 is Microsoft's Windows successor to Windows 8. Windows

10 debuted on July 29, 2015, following a "technical preview" beta release
of the new operating system that arrived in Fall 2014 and a "consumer
preview" beta in early 2015. Microsoft claims Windows 10 features fast
start up and resume, built-in security and the return of the Start Menu in
an expanded form. This version of Windows will also feature Microsoft
Edge, Microsoft's new browser. Any qualified device (such as tablets,
PCs, smartphones and Xbox consoles) can upgrade to Windows 10,
including those with pirated copies of Windows.
Apple/Mac Operating System
1. Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating

systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of

computer systems.

2.Mac OS was designed only to run on Apple Computers.

3. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh PC with the

Macintosh Operating System.

4.Apple names its OS as “Mac OS”, beginning in 1997 which

was previously known as “System”.

Apple/Mac Operating System
The First Mac was introduced by
Apple's then-chairman Steve
Jobs at 1984 was the first
successful personal computer
feature a mouse and a graphical
User interface(GUI).

The Mac OS could be easily

distinguished from other
Operating systems because it
was the only OS with a full GUI.
Apple/Mac Operating System
Macintosh System Software – "System 1", released in 1984

System Software 2, 3, and 4 – released between 1985 and 1987

System Software 5 – released in 1987

System Software 6 – released in 1988

System 7 / Mac OS 7.6 – released in 1991

Mac OS 8 – released in 1997

Mac OS 9 – final major version, released in 1999

Various Versions of Mac OS
Linux Operating System (OS)
Linux is a family of free and open-
source software operating systems
built around the Linux kernel.
Typically, Linux is packaged in a form
known as a Linux distribution (or
distro for short) for both desktop and
server use. The defining component
of a Linux distribution is the Linux
kernel, an operating system kernel
first released on September 17,
1991, by Linus Torvalds
Android (OS)
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a
modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and
designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablets. In addition, Google has further developed Android TV for
televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches,
each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used
on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics.
Android (OS)
Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was
unveiled in 2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September
2008. The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with
the current version being 8.1 "Oreo", released in December 2017.

Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and
on tablets since 2013. As of May 2017, it has over two billion monthly active users,
the largest installed base of any operating system, and as of 2017, the Google
Play store features over 3.5 million apps
Advantage and Disadvantage
Advantage: Linux

Low cost: You need not spend much money to obtain license as its softwares
come from GNU General Public License. You can also download high quality
software whenever you want, free of cost and you need not worry that your
program may stop due to trail version. You can also install it in many computers
without paying.

Performance: Linux provides high performance on workstations and on networks.

It also helps in making old computers sufficient and usable again and also can
handle many users at a time.
Stability: You don’t have to reboot periodically to maintain performance. It can
handle large number of users and does not hang up or slow down due to memory
issues. Continuous up time upto a year or so is common.

Flexibility: It is used for high performance applications, desktop applications and

embedded applications. You can save disk space by installing components
required for a particular use. You can restrict specific computers instead of all
computers.
Security: The security aspect of the linux is very strong as it is very secure and it is
less prominent to viruses, even if there is an attack there would be immediate step
taken by the developers all over the world to resolve it.

Choice: Choice is one of the greatest advantage of Linux. It gives the power to
control every aspect of the operating system. Main features that you have control
is look and feel of desktop by Windows Manager and kernel.
Advantage and Disadvantage
Disadvantage: Linux

Understanding: To become familiar with Linux you need to have a lot of patience
and desire to read and explore about it.

Software: Linux has a limited selection of available softwares.Ease: Even though

Linux has improved a lot in ease of use but windows is much easier.

Hardware: Linux does not support many hardware devices.

Windows (OS)
Pros: Cons:

Easy to Use Rapid update schedule can become confusing

Best selection of software Will Cost you $100-$200

Available on wide variety of hardware Less secure than Linux or MacOS

Easily the best choice for gamers

Works with almost all accessories

Rapid updates introduce new features

MacOS
Pros: Cons

Simple, user-friendly design More expensive than Windows

Top-down software and hardware approach Fewer software options

Works well with iPhones and iPads Very few games

Mac computers can also run Windows