Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B.

Navathe
Chapter 10 Outline
 Database Programming: Techniques and Issues
 Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ
 Database Programming with Function Calls:
SQL/CLI and JDBC
 Database Stored Procedures
and SQL/PSM
 Comparing the Three Approaches

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 2

Introduction to SQL
Programming Techniques
 Database applications
 Host language
 Java, C/C++/C#, COBOL, or some other
programming language
 Data sublanguage
 SQL
 SQL standards
 Continually evolving
 Each DBMS vendor may have some variations
from standard

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 3

Database Programming: Techniques
and Issues
 Interactive interface
 SQL commands typed directly into a monitor
 Execute file of commands
 @<filename>
 Application programs or database
applications
 Used as canned transactions by the end users
access a database
 May have Web interface

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 4

Approaches to Database
Programming
 Embedding database commands in a general-
purpose programming language
 Database statements identified by a special prefix
 Precompiler or preprocessor scans the source
program code
 Identify database statements and extract them for
processing by the DBMS
 Called embedded SQL

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 5

Approaches to Database
Programming (cont’d.)
 Using a library of database functions
 Library of functions available to the host
programming language
 Application programming interface (API)
 Designing a brand-new language
 Database programming language designed from
scratch
 First two approaches are more common

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 6

Impedance Mismatch
 Differences between database model and
programming language model
 Binding for each host programming language
 Specifies for each attribute type the compatible
programming language types
 Cursor or iterator variable
 Loop over the tuples in a query result

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 7

Typical Sequence of Interaction in
Database Programming
 Open a connection to database server
 Interact with database by submitting queries,
updates, and other database commands
 Terminate or close connection to database

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 8

Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and
SQLJ
 Embedded SQL
 C language
 SQLJ
 Java language
 Programming language called host language

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 9

Retrieving Single Tuples with
Embedded SQL
 EXEC SQL
 Prefix
 Preprocessor separates embedded SQL
statements from host language code
 Terminated by a matching END-EXEC
 Or by a semicolon (;)
 Shared variables
 Used in both the C program and the embedded
SQL statements
 Prefixed by a colon (:) in SQL statement

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 10

Figure 10.1 C program variables used in the embedded SQL
examples E1 and E2.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 11

Retrieving Single Tuples with
Embedded SQL (cont’d.)
 Connecting to the database
CONNECT TO <server name>AS <connection name>
AUTHORIZATION <user account name and password> ;

 Change connection
SET CONNECTION <connection name> ;

 Terminate connection
DISCONNECT <connection name> ;

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 12

Retrieving Single Tuples with
Embedded SQL (cont’d.)
 SQLCODE and SQLSTATE communication
variables
 Used by DBMS to communicate exception or error
conditions
 SQLCODE variable
 0 = statement executed successfully
 100 = no more data available in query result
 < 0 = indicates some error has occurred

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 13

Retrieving Single Tuples with
Embedded SQL (cont’d.)
 SQLSTATE
 String of five characters
 ‘00000’ = no error or exception
 Other values indicate various errors or exceptions
 For example, ‘02000’ indicates ‘no more data’
when using SQLSTATE

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 14

Figure 10.2 Program segment E1, a C program segment with
embedded SQL.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 15

Retrieving Multiple Tuples with
Embedded SQL Using Cursors
 Cursor
 Points to a single tuple (row) from result of query
 OPEN CURSOR command
 Fetches query result and sets cursor to a position
before first row in result
 Becomes current row for cursor
 FETCH commands
 Moves cursor to next row in result of query

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 16

Figure 10.3 Program segment E2, a C program segment that uses cursors with
embedded SQL for update purposes.

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Retrieving Multiple Tuples with
Embedded SQL Using Cursors
(cont’d.)
 FOR UPDATE OF
 List the names of any attributes that will be
updated by the program
 Fetch orientation
 Added using value: NEXT, PRIOR, FIRST, LAST,
ABSOLUTE i, and RELATIVE i

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 18

Specifying Queries at Runtime Using
Dynamic SQL
 Dynamic SQL
 Execute different SQL queries or updates
dynamically at runtime
 Dynamic update
 Dynamic query

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 19

Figure 10.4 Program segment E3, a C program segment that uses dynamic SQL
for updating a table.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 20

SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands
in Java
 Standard adopted by several vendors for
embedding SQL in Java
 Import several class libraries
 Default context
 Uses exceptions for error handling
 SQLException is used to return errors or
exception conditions

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 21

Figure 10.5 Importing classes needed for including SQLJ in Java programs in
Oracle, and establishing a connection and default context.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 22

Figure 10.6 Java program variables used in SQLJ examples J1 and J2.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 23

Figure 10.7 Program segment J1, a Java program segment with SQLJ.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 24

Retrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ
Using Iterators
 Iterator
 Object associated with a collection (set or multiset)
of records in a query result
 Named iterator
 Associated with a query result by listing attribute
names and types in query result
 Positional iterator
 Lists only attribute types in query result

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 25

Figure 10.8 Program segment J2A, a Java program segment that uses a named
iterator to print employee information in a particular department.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 26

Figure 10.9 Program segment J2B, a Java program segment that uses a
positional iterator to print employee information in a particular department.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 27

Database Programming with Function
Calls: SQL/CLI & JDBC
 Use of function calls
 Dynamic approach for database programming
 Library of functions
 Also known as application programming
interface (API)
 Used to access database
 SQL Call Level Interface (SQL/CLI)
 Part of SQL standard

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 28

SQL/CLI: Using C
as the Host Language
 Environment record
 Track one or more database connections
 Set environment information
 Connection record
 Keeps track of information needed for a particular
database connection
 Statement record
 Keeps track of the information needed for one
SQL statement

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 29

SQL/CLI: Using C
as the Host Language (cont’d.)
 Description record
 Keeps track of information about tuples or
parameters
 Handle to the record
 C pointer variable makes record accessible to
program

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 30

Figure 10.10 Program segment CLI1, a C program segment with SQL/CLI.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 31

Figure 10.11 Program segment CLI2, a C program segment that uses SQL/CLI for a query with
a collection of tuples in its result.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 32

JDBC: SQL Function Calls for Java
Programming
 JDBC
 Java function libraries
 Single Java program can connect to several
different databases
 Called data sources accessed by the Java
program
 Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver")
 Load a JDBC driver explicitly

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 33

JDBC: SQL Function Calls for Java
Programming
 Connection object
 Statement object has two subclasses:
 PreparedStatement and
CallableStatement
 Question mark (?) symbol
 Represents a statement parameter
 Determined at runtime
 ResultSet object
 Holds results of query

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 34

Figure 10.12 Program segment JDBC1, a Java program segment with JDBC.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 35

Figure 10.13 Program segment JDBC2, a Java program segment that uses JDBC
for a query with a collection of tuples in its result.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 36

Database Stored Procedures
and SQL/PSM
 Stored procedures
 Program modules stored by the DBMS at the
database server
 Can be functions or procedures
 SQL/PSM (SQL/Persistent Stored Modules)
 Extensions to SQL
 Include general-purpose programming constructs
in SQL

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 37

Database Stored Procedures and
Functions
 Persistent stored modules
 Stored persistently by the DBMS
 Useful:
 When database program is needed by several
applications
 To reduce data transfer and communication cost
between client and server in certain situations
 To enhance modeling power provided by views

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 38

Database Stored Procedures and
Functions (cont’d.)
 Declaring stored procedures:
CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure name> (<parameters>)
<local declarations>
<procedure body> ;
declaring a function, a return type is necessary,
so the declaration form is
CREATE FUNCTION <function name> (<parameters>)
RETURNS <return type>
<local declarations>
<function body> ;

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 39

Database Stored Procedures and
Functions (cont’d.)
 Each parameter has parameter type
 Parameter type: one of the SQL data types
 Parameter mode: IN, OUT, or INOUT
 Calling a stored procedure:
CALL <procedure or function name>
(<argument list>) ;

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 40

SQL/PSM: Extending SQL for
Specifying Persistent
Stored Modules

 Conditional branching statement:

IF <condition> THEN <statement list>
ELSEIF <condition> THEN <statement list>
...
ELSEIF <condition> THEN <statement list>
ELSE <statement list>
END IF ;

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 41

SQL/PSM (cont’d.)
 Constructs for looping

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 42

Figure 10.14 Declaring a function in SQL/PSM.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 43

Comparing the Three Approaches
 Embedded SQL Approach
 Query text checked for syntax errors and validated
against database schema at compile time
 For complex applications where queries have to
be generated at runtime
 Function call approach more suitable

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 44

Comparing the Three Approaches
(cont’d.)
 Library of Function Calls Approach
 More flexibility
 More complex programming
 No checking of syntax done at compile time
 Database Programming Language Approach
 Does not suffer from the impedance mismatch
problem
 Programmers must learn a new language

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 45

Summary
 Techniques for database programming
 Embedded SQL
 SQLJ
 Function call libraries
 SQL/CLI standard
 JDBC class library
 Stored procedures
 SQL/PSM

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 10- 46