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    Atkins' Physical Chemistry: Peter Atkins - Julio de Paula

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    Ivy Joyce
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    Atkins' Physical Chemistry: Peter Atkins - Julio de Paula

    Uploaded by

    Ivy Joyce
    273 views36 pages
    physical chemistry

    Original Title

    Atkins Chapter01.Lect01

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    physical chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    273 views36 pages

    Atkins' Physical Chemistry: Peter Atkins - Julio de Paula

    Uploaded by

    Ivy Joyce
    physical chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Peter Atkins • Julio de Paula

    Atkins’ Physical Chemistry


    Eighth Edition

    Chapter 1
    The Properties of Gases

    Copyright © 2006 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula


    Physical Characteristics of Gases
    • Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
    • Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
    • Gases are miscible
    • Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
    • Density of a gas given in g/L (vice g/mL for liquids)

    NO2
    The Perfect Gas
    • Each gas can be described by an equation of state:

    • P = f(T, V, n) Pressure ≡ force / unit area


    Fig 1.1
    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
    Heat - the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that
    are at different temperatures

    Temperature - a measure of the thermal energy

    Temperature = Thermal Energy


    (intensive) (extensive)

    90 °C
    40 °C
    greater temperature greater thermal energy
    Fig 1.2 Temperature ≡ the
    direction of thermal energy flow
    through a thermally conducting
    rigid wall
    Thermal equilibrium ≡ no net heat flow between two objects
    in contact through a diathermic boundary

    Fig 1.3 Zeroth Law of


    thermodynamics
    Temperature Scales

    Perfect gas temperature scale

    K = °C + 273.15
    The Gas Laws

     Pressure - Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law

     Temperature - Volume Relationship: Charles’s


    and Gay-Lussac’s Law

     Volume - Amount Relationship: Avogadro’s Law

     The Perfect (Ideal) Gas Law


    Fig 1.4 Boyle’s Law

    • PV = constant

    • A limiting law
    Fig 1.5 Charles’s Law

    • V = constant ∙ T

    • Another limiting law


    Fig 1.6 Charles’s Law

    • Variation of volume with


    temperature at constant P
    Fig 1.7 Charles’s Law

    • Variation of pressure with


    temperature at constant V
    Perfect Gas Equation
    1
    Boyle’s law: V∝ (at constant n and T)
    P
    Charles’ law: V∝T (at constant n and P)

    Avogadro’s law: V∝n (at constant P and T)

    V ∝ nT
    P

    nT nT
    V = constant · =R R is the gas constant
    P P

    PV = nRT

    What is the value of R?


    PV = nRT
    PV (1.000 atm)(22.41 4 L)
    R 
    nT (1.000 mol)(273.1 5 K)

    L  atm
    R  0.08206
    mol  K

    The conditions 0 °C and 1 atm are called


    standard temperature and pressure (STP).

    Experiments show that at STP,


    1 mole of an ideal gas
    occupies 22.414 L:
    Comparison of Molar Volumes at STP

    • One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L @ STP

    • One mole of various real gases at STP occupy:


    Fig 1.8 A region of a P-V-T surface of a perfect gas
    Fig 1.8 Sections through P-V-T surface of a perfect gas
    PV = nRT useful when P, V, n, and T do not change

    Modify equation when P, V, and/or T change:

    • Initial state (1) of gas:

    P1V1 Combined Gas Law


    R
    n1T1
    P1V1 P2 V2
    • Final state (2) of gas: 
    n1T1 n2 T2
    P2 V2
    R Eqn [1.12]
    n2 T2
    Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

    V and T
    are
    constant

    P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2

    Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures


    Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
    container of volume V at a total pressure PT

    nART
    PA = nA is the number of moles of A
    V
    nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
    PB =
    V
    nA nB
    PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
    nA + nB nA + nB

    PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

    ni
    Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
    nT
    Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

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