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Chapter 2

This document discusses the principles of pozzolanic reactions and alternative waste materials that can be used for pozzolanic reactions. It provides information on: 1) How pozzolans react with calcium hydroxide from cement hydration to form additional cementitious compounds like calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates, improving mechanical properties over time. 2) Examples of waste materials like fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, and rice husk ash that contain reactive calcium, silicon, or aluminum oxides making them candidates for pozzolanic materials. 3) A table showing the chemical compositions of these alternative waste materials and how coconut husk ash meets

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38 views

Chapter 2

This document discusses the principles of pozzolanic reactions and alternative waste materials that can be used for pozzolanic reactions. It provides information on: 1) How pozzolans react with calcium hydroxide from cement hydration to form additional cementitious compounds like calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates, improving mechanical properties over time. 2) Examples of waste materials like fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, and rice husk ash that contain reactive calcium, silicon, or aluminum oxides making them candidates for pozzolanic materials. 3) A table showing the chemical compositions of these alternative waste materials and how coconut husk ash meets

Uploaded by

Sapphire27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Related Literature

2.1 Principles of Pozzolanic Reaction

 Pozzolans are silicate-based materials that react with the calcium hydroxide generated
by hydrating cement to form additional cementitious materials.
 Usually CaO is added as lime or cement meanwhile Al2O3 and SiO2 can be present in
the material to develop cementation gels to be added as cement or, for example, with a
pozzolan.
 In this process the hydration of the CaO liberates OH- ions, which causes an increase pH
values up to approximate 12.4.
 Under these conditions pozzolanic reactions occur: the Si and Al combine with the
available Ca, resulting in cementitious compounds called Calcium Silicate Hydrates (CSH)
and Calcium Aluminate Hydrates (CAH) A simplified qualitative representation of these
reactions is summarized below:

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 → 𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝑂𝐻 −


𝐶𝑎 2+ + 2𝑂𝐻 − + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑆𝐻
𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝑂𝐻 − + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝐴𝐻

 These compounds are responsible for improving the mechanical properties of the mix, due
to the increasing development of pozzolanic reactions over time.
 These oxides are not available in sufficient quantities in the materials to be cemented, they
must be incorporated with the binder.
 In these cases it is particularly advantageous to use stabilizers which, like OPC, are rich in
SiO2 and Al2O3 as well as in CaO or for example the use of lime and pozzolan mixes.
 When these oxides are present in the material which needs to be cemented it is not
necessary to add them as a binder.
2.2 Alternative Waste for the Production of Pozzolanic Material

The most interesting waste substances for the production of


pozzolanic materials are these that contain appreciable amounts of
reactive Ca, Si or Al oxides. Although the majority of them are obtained
in combustion processes, there are also other possible origins for the
pozzolans. The composition and the quality of wastes with potential
pozzolanic properties can vary from high reactivity to none, depending
on:

(1) The original materials


(2) The production processes.

Apart from them, other wastes with no pozzolanic activity can


be added as a target during the production of pozzolanic-based
materials, to reach up to as much as 90% of the total mass of the final
product. In the following sections of this chapter the main available
pozzolanic wastes useful as binder materials are reviewed.
Table no. 1 Chemical composition of the Alternative Waste Materials
Discussed

Chemical
Class C Class F Silica-
Composi GGBS RHA PG CW CHA
FA FA Fume
tion

CaO 14.8 2.39 41.99 0.8-1.2 - 32.04 9.45 0.42

𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 25.5 26.67 11.59 1-3 - 0.88 14.16 11.8


Si𝑂2 47.4 54.45 35.35 85-95 99 3.44 52.36 57.8
MgO 2.7 1.12 8.04 1-2 - 1.97 12.7

𝑆𝑂3 2.8 0.10 0.23 - - 44.67 2

𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 - 6.91 0.35 - - 0.32 6.22 10.4


𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 - 0.21 - - - 0.13 1.02 0.36
𝐾2 𝑂 - 2.03 - - - - 1.85 0.48

The table no. 1 above shows the summary of the chemical/oxide


composition candidates for the waste marterial as a pozzolan material.
2.3 Coconut Husk Ash as Type N Pozzolan Candidate

Table no. 2 Requirement Standards for Different Types of Pozzolan

Coal fly ash and Raw


or calcined natural
CHA
pozzolan
ASTM C 618
Cl -
𝑆𝑂4 -
Class N ≤4.0%
𝑆𝑂3 Class F ≤5.0% 2
Class C ≤5.0%
Chemical
Free Cao -
Composition
Reactive Cao -
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 - 57.8
Class N ≥70%
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 + 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 Class F ≥70% 80
Class C ≥50%
𝑁𝑎𝑂2 -
Class A ≤10% To be
LOI Class B ≤6% determin
Class C ≤6% e
To be
Physical ≥75% at 7 days
Activity Index Determin
Composition ≥75% at 28 days
e
Ashes from several agricultural wastes were examined as partial cement
replacement materials for possible use in structural concrete.
Considering that no specific standard covers materials such as these,
properties were compared to requirements in American standard ASTM C
618 or raw or calcined natural pozzolan, shows in Table no. 2. As
observed in table no. 1, Chemical composition of Coconut Husk Ash is in
accordance with these requirements.

• The composition 𝑆𝑂3 is less than 4% and the Coconut Husk Ash is 2%
which conforms the class N pozzolan.
• The sum of reactive oxides SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 is 80 % which is
greater than 70% of all types.
• ASTM specifies that Class F and C are mostly material like fly ash,
hence, coconut husk ash falls under the requirement for class N
pozzolan.
• The loss on Ignition (LOI) and the activity index was not specified at
the source article. Therefore, it is recommended to determine in
chapter 3.

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