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Data Link Protocols

This document discusses different types of data link protocols. Asynchronous protocols were primarily used in modems and have start and stop bits, while synchronous protocols were developed for higher speed networks and have lower overhead without start and stop bits. Character-oriented, character count-oriented, and bit-oriented protocols are described. Specific protocols discussed include Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC), Digital Data Communication Message Protocol (DDCMP), and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC).

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169 views

Data Link Protocols

This document discusses different types of data link protocols. Asynchronous protocols were primarily used in modems and have start and stop bits, while synchronous protocols were developed for higher speed networks and have lower overhead without start and stop bits. Character-oriented, character count-oriented, and bit-oriented protocols are described. Specific protocols discussed include Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC), Digital Data Communication Message Protocol (DDCMP), and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC).

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dev
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Link Protocols

• Specifications to implement data link layer


• Asynchronous Protocols:
– Primarily used in modems
– Feature start and stop bits and variable length
gaps between characters
• Synchronous Protocols:
– Developed for higher speed networks
– No start and stop bits, much lower overhead,
faster transmission
Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 1
Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
Synchronous Protocols
• Character-oriented protocols:
– Frames are interpreted as a sequence of characters
– Example: Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC)
• Character count-oriented protocols:
– Frame length specified within the header
– Example: Digital Data Communication Message
Protocol, Count Type (DDCMP)
• Bit-oriented protocols:
– Frames are interpreted as a sequence of bits
– Example: High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 2
Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
BSC
• Half duplex, can be used with ASCII,
EBCDIC, and Six Bit Transcode
• Control information is in the form of code
words taken from the character set
• Control information is carried in separate
frames as well as within data frames
– Line control, flow control, error control

Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 3


Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
BSC
• Data Frames:
S S S S E B B
Y Y O Header T …Data… T C C
N N H X X C C

– SYN = (0)0010110 (ASCII 268)


– Header:
• Address, sequence number for stop-and-wait ARQ
• Non-standardized
– BCC: Block Check Character
• 1-character LRC
• 2-character CRC
Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 4
Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
BSC
• Multiblock frame:
Block Block
S S S S I B B S E B B
Y Y O Header T …Data… T C C T …Data… T C C
N N H X B C C X X C C

• Multiframe transmission:
S S S S I B B S E B B
Y Y O T T C C T T C C
Header …Data… …Data…
N N H X B C C X B C C
B B A S S
C C C1 Y Y
C C K N N

S S S S I B B S E B B
Y Y O T T C C T T C C
Header …Data… …Data…
N N H X B C C X X C C
B B A S S
C C C0 Y Y
C C K N N

Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 5


Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
BSC
• Control Frames:
– Frames used only for signaling
• SYN SYN {Control Characters} BCC
– Connection establishment
(bid, poll, select, positive and negative
responses)
– Connection termination (end of transmission)
– Flow and error control
(ACK0, ACK1, NAK, WACK (wait and ACK),
reverse interrupt, temporary delay)

Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 6


Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
BSC
• Data Transparency
– When sending binary data, certain sequences
may be identical to control characters
– Solution: Define transparent blocks and use
character stuffing
– Start transparent text block with DLE STX
– End transparent text block with DLE ETX,
DLE ITB, DLE ETB
– To send DLE character, send DLE DLE
Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 7
Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
DDCMP
• Character-count-oriented protocol
• Instead of using control characters to mark
the end of the frame, send the length of
the frame
• Can also be used asynchronously
• What happens when header is damaged?
S S MSG C C
Source
Y Y HEADER
Dest.
Byte R …Data… R
N N Count C C

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Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE
HDLC
• Bit-oriented protocol
• Special bit pattern to signal beginning and end
of frame (01111110)
• This pattern cannot be repeated in the frame
• Solution: Bit stuffing
– Transmitter automatically stuffs dummy 0 after five 1s
– If after five 1s the sequence 10 is received, it is the
reserved pattern
– If less than 15 1s are received, it signals abort,
otherwise idle channel
Flag Address Control Variable length data Check Flag

Winter 2006 ECE 766 16 - 9


Computer Interfacing and Protocols
ECE

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