Session 2

Rock Physics Analysis – pre-upscaling for seismic

The Building Blocks

Bridging the Gap between Rock Physics & Seismic

An Introduction to Rock Physics

Rock Physics – 1st Principles
Rock Physics Uncovered
 ROCK PHYSICS INTRODUCTION

ROCK PHYSICS
Study of the physical properties and their relationships of sedimentary rocks.
Specifically , in terms of how seismic properties of velocity, impedance and
attenuation behave and relate to other petrophysical properties (elastic
behaviour) and reservoir parameters.

WHAT DOES ROCK PHYSICS DO ?

Bridges the gap between the Bulk Rock Properties (mineral constituents, matrix
/ cement -> Pore Throat Geometry & Fluid properties) and Seismic
since all can be Expressed in terms of Acoustics and Impedance.

 it is the Physical Basis for seismic reservoir characterisation, seismic lithology

and direct hydrocarbon detection

HOW DO WE MODEL ROCK PHYSICS ?

Rock Physics allows us to model the response of Log Data to changes in Reservoir
Properties which can be calibrated to Seismic as a function of Reservoir
Properties through Lithological and Fluid Typing.
 TOOL MEASUREMENTS
• BHC designed for compressional internal transit time.
Receiver triggered by the first arrival of acoustic energy.

• LSS designed for deeper investigation to eliminate

rugose/enlarged borehole; gas; fractures; unconsolidated
effects.

Advent of the LSS and ARRAY SONIC has enabled the FULL
WAVEFORM to be recorded.
• ARRAY SONIC designed to analyse complete composite
waveform by combining an array of receivers and dual
transmitters/receivers. The tool combines the real-time
measurement of the Compressional, Stonely and Mud Wave
Velocities from which the Vs is derived.
 ROCK PHYSICS THEORY

In the beginning ……

 measuring the whole wave train array was designed to measure

Elastic Moduli to help determine the Rock Competency and
Formation Strength of the reservoir to allow testing but avoid
potential sanding problems and or controlling fracturing.
ex BHP’s Chinook -1 and Griffin-1.

 Recently, waveform analysis for the whole wellbore when

calibrated to seismic and combined with with density
(impedance) provides a means of modelling the rock response
away from the wellbore.
Empirical and Theoretical Rock Physics Relationships
Velocity/Porosity/Density/Lithology Relations

– Wyllie Time Average Equation (1956) DTL = F t f + ( 1 - o)

tma (works only for clean compacted SSt’s)
– Gassman Equation (1951) compared velocities of elastic waves
through packing of sphere interspaces filled with air, liquid
and gas
=> dry system versus wet system relationships.
– Biot Equation (1956) theory of Propagation of Elastic saves in
fluid saturation porous solid.
– Pickett Relation (1963) linear Vp/Vs for clean SS Lst and
Dolomite
– Nations (1974) linear Vp/Vs for binary mixtures of Qtz and
carbonates
– Raymer-Hunt-Gardner Relations (1980) applies compaction
factor and is suitable for unconsolidated low velocity SSt’s
Empirical and Theoretical Rock Physics Relationships

– Tosoya Relations (1982) empirical Vp/Vs relation in shaley rocks

– Castagna Relations (1985) Gulf Coast Vp/Vs relation in shaley
SS clay and siltsize size particles >3000m Vp=1.16 Vs +1.36
– Han (1986) low-medium POR range for SS’s only >3000m - Gulf
Coast relation
– Krief Model (1990) quasi-linear Vp-Vp relation for medium por
and all fluids in multiple lithologies
– Han-Eberhart-Phillips (1989) multivariate analysis combined
w/pressure, POR and VEL of vel’s in water saturated shaley SSt’s
– Greenburg and Castagna (1992) Vp/Vs relation is porous SS for
all fluids and lithologies
– Weakly Cemented SS (1995) poorly consolidated SS w/ high
porosities for all fluids
– Unconsolidated SS (1995) Unconsolidated SS w/ high porosities
for all fluids
 WHY DO ROCK PHYSICS at all ??? !!!

Reduces uncertainty in the Seismic Reservoir

Characterisation phase

which

helps manage Pre-drill Risk

which ultimately

optimises more Discoveries with less number of costly

dry holes.
ROCK PHYSICS - 1 st PRINCIPLES of ELASTICITY
• Two basic elementary “force” conditions are.
1) Stress - under weight or loading force. Unloading reduces stress.
2) Strain - pull apart force expressed as a change in shape per unit
length/twist/unit volume; in response to stress.
• BASIC ASSUMPTION = Deformation of Rx  Stress and that it is
Revisible.
• Mechanical behaviour of Rx submitted to Stresses, deform in a
complicated manner. Should take into account scale effects of time
and space.
– Rx show Elastic Response when subjected to rapidly varying stress ( 1 sec)
Elastic when withdraw stress, Rx deformation is zero.
– Rx show Plastic Response when subjected to slowly varying stress (>/myr)
• Hooke’s Law expresses the relation between stress and strain

• E=s Where E = deformation

M s = stress, M = elastic modulis
i) hydrostatic (normal ) component ii) shear (tangential) component
To know Rock Physics is to understand Elastic Properties
(if you’re Einstein !!)
Elastic Modulus Young’s Poisson’sRatio Bulk Shear Lame’s lamda
COMPRESSIONAL WAVES
Wavefront that propagates in the direction of
particle displacemnt (compression-expansion),
and generally has the highest velocity for a given
medium.

P transmitted
P refracted

P reflected S transmitted

S reflected

Incident Energy

Layer 1 Layer 2
SHEAR WAVES Wavefront that is generated as a result of the primary
wave front in a direction that is perpendicular to the
Note the beautiful shear
direction of particle displacemnt, and generally has
spray pattern a velocity 2/3 of Vp for a given medium.
Vp/Vs= 1.6 for clean porous media.

P transmitted
P refracted

S transmitted
P reflected

S reflected

Incident Energy

Layer 1 Layer 2
 Seismic Reflection schematic
Incident energy S reflected

1 0.1 P reflected
Layer 1

Vp, Vs, s1, r1 0.2

30°
Lithological
Boundary
Layer 2

0.5
Vp, Vs, s2, r2 0.2
P transmitted
S transmitted
 Seismic Reflection schematic
Incident energy S reflected

1 0.05 P reflected
Layer 1

Vp, Vs, s1, r1...

40° 0.3
Lithological
Boundary
Layer 2

0.4
Vp, Vs, s2, r2 ... 0.25
P transmitted
S transmitted
 ELASTIC ROCK PROPERTIES (Mechanical & Seismic)
Comp Stress Comp Strain
Index of Confinement
Bulk Modulus
Comp Stress
K = C Stress
C Strain
K = RHOB.(Vp2-4/3Vs2)
Relates change in Volume with Stress-Strain Ratio under simple
hydrostatic pressure
Shear Stress Shear -Lateral
Strain
Index of Distortion
Shear Modulus
G = S Stress
S Strain
G = RHOB.Vs2

Relates change in Volume with Stress-Strain Ratio for a simple

shear stress force
 ELASTIC (Mechanical) ROCK PROPERTIES
Normal Stress Normal Strain
Index of Uniaxial Compression
Young’s Modulus
Radial Strain
E = N Stress
N Strain
E = 2.Vs2.RHOB(1+PR)

Relates change in Volume with Normal Stress to Normal Strain when

material is pulled or compressed.

Poisson’s Ratio s = R Strain = 2Vs2 -Vp2

N Strain 2(Vs2 -Vp2)

Relates change in Volume with Radial Strain to Normal Strain

resulting from a Normal Stress.
ie the amount by which a material increases along one axis
when compressed along the other; or when material of length
L is stretched by DL, it’s width is contracted by DW.
 POISSON’S RATIO

Normal Strain
The amount by which a material
increases along one axis when
Radial Strain
compressed along the other.
 SUMMARY of ROCK PHYSICS KEY ELEMENTS

Help bridging the gap between Rock Physics and Seismic is the fact that Elastic
Moduli do not have to be in terms of Mechanical Properties (of stress and strain)

but

can be expressed in terms of Acoustic Compression / Shear and Impedance

measured in

Dynamic (elastic ) instant time frame of < 1ms

c /w Static (plastic) geological time frame of >1x1013 sec /1 million years

Travel time frames are governed by the Mechanical Properties of the Rock

where

Compression waves are influenced by both Compressibility and Rigidity &

Shear Waves are influenced primarily by Rigidity
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

Porosity vs P-Impedance
12
P - IMPEDANCE (km/s.g/cc)

10

Legend

AWate r
8
AClst/Sh

AA/A Clst/s

AA W ater
6
AA G as

AA Clst/Sh

4 A Sand
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Porosity - (%)

In general, Impedance ratio is a good indicator of Lithology and Porosity

 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

P-Impedance vs VpVs
21

Legend
20
DingoClst

19 Dingo/Brig?
x10 -1

Barrow G p
18
VP_VS

AWate r

AClst/Sh
17
AA/A Clst/s

16 AA W ater

AA G as
15
AA Clst/Sh

14 A Sand
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
.
P-IMPEDANCE
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and TEXTURE

WARD REEF 1 : Impedance vs Poisson's Ratio

14

13

12

11 B Gp Slt/C ls t+
D in go C ls t
10

9
Impedance

8
D u puy /D ingo
7
B Gp Sa nds Ma rdie
6 Mu dero ng

5
W inda lia
4 Legend

3 W etSn d

2 c ls t/s ls t
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

Poisson's Ratio

F igu re 15
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

DTVPVS vs DTCO
vs VpVs Ratio
2.30

2.20

2.10 O 'ba nk

2.00

C r av Sply
1.90
VPVS

1.80

W et Ss t
1.70

Carbonates
1.60
S lty Sn dGa s

Legend
1.50

C ln Ga s W etSn d

1.40
Ga s Sn d

1.30 c ls t/s ls t
40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 14 0

DT CO (us/ft)
 EFFECTS of BULK DENSITY

RHOB vs Vp
60 00

55 00 SAND

DingoClst
50 00
Dingo/Brig?

45 00 Barrow G p
VP m/s

AWate r
40 00
AClst/Sh
35 00 AA/A Clst/s

AA W ater
30 00
AA G as
25 00
AA Clst/Sh

20 00 A Sand
1.8 0 1.9 0 2.0 0 2.1 0 2.2 0 2.3 0 2.4 0 2.5 0 2.6 0 2.7 0 2.8 0 2.9 0 3.0 0

RHOB - g/cc

In general, seismic properties increase with bulk density, although wide scatter
can occur.
 EFFECT of POROSITY

• For a given lithology, • Seismic properties are

both seismic controlled by the total
impedances and porosity, while many
velocities decrease as tools measure effective
porosity increases porosity
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY & PORE FLUIDS

Velocity Vp vs Vs
4000

3500

3000

2500 MungarooW et
Vs - m/s

2000 MungarooG as

MungarooO 'B nk

1500 Dingo

1000
Legend

W etSnd
500
GasSnd

0 cls t/slst
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000

Vp - m/s
 SUMMARY of ROCK PHYSICS PROPERTIES
hence
Unconsolidated high porosity rocks are less rigid
& more compressible
than
Consolidated low porosity rocks
2 2
Sand RHOB Vp(dsi) Vs(dsi) Vs Vp Vp/Vs Impedance PR ShearMod BulkMod Young'sMod
Unit g/c
3
m/s ft/s m/s ft/s km/s km/s m/s
3
g/c /m/s v/v m- K- E-
3 3 3
m.g/s.cm m.g/s.cm m.g/s.cm

Soft Clay 2.35 1100 3608.9 550 1804.5 0.30 1.21 2.00 2.59 0.33 0.71 1.90 1.90

Clay 2.5 2100 6889.8 900 2952.8 0.81 4.41 2.33 5.25 0.39 2.03 8.33 5.62

Loose Sand 2.65 2743 8999.3 1714 5623.4 2.94 7.52 1.60 7.27 0.18 7.79 9.56 18.37

Sand 2.66 3505 11499.3 2100 6889.8 4.41 12.29 1.67 9.32 0.22 11.73 17.04 28.62

Limestone 2.71 3962 12998.7 2133 6998.0 4.55 15.70 1.86 10.74 0.30 12.33 26.10 31.96

Dolomites 2.87 4572 15000.0 2286 7500.0 5.23 20.90 2.00 13.12 0.33 15.00 40.00 39.99

MarineShale 3 5180 17000.0 2590 8497.4 6.71 26.83 2.00 15.54 0.33 20.12 53.67 53.67

Granite 2.67 5640 18503.9 2870 9416.0 8.24 31.81 1.97 15.06 0.33 21.99 55.62 58.29
FLUID SUBSTITUTION PLOT

For porous sand 2840 - 2852.5mRT

Note increase in density from Rgas - R brine
Note decrease in Vp from Vpbrine to Vpgas
Note decrease in PR from PRbrine to PRgas
Note decrease in AI from AIbrine to AIgas
 FLUID SUBSTITUTION CASES vs BRINE CASE

Brine Heavy Oil Light Oil Gas

Zero Offset Synthetic

 MODELLING SHEAR WAVES
PT/GRAD SOLID FLUID FLUID MIX FRAME/BULK Rx

Input Parameters
TDDepth Mineral Volume Fractions
Res Depth Qtz Fluid Properties
FmTemp Calcite Salinity Previous Fluid Output
GG Dolomite Oil Gravity Brine Vp, R, K Previous FluidMix
Fm Press Clay GOR Oil Vp, R, K & SolidOutput
Hmin Gas Grav Gas Vp, R, K & Fluid Vp, R, K
Gas Index in Brine Log Sw Solid R, K, G &
Gas Index in Oil Log So Log Porosity
Pore Press & Temp Log Sg
Output
Solid R Brine Vp, R, K Fluid Vp Rock Vp, R, K, G
Solid Vp Oil Vp, R, K Fluid R RockVs
Solid Vs Gas Vp, R, K Fluid K RockPR
Solid K
Solid G
Solid PR
EFFECTS of VALID SHEAR
EFFECT of ERRONEOUS SHEAR
 POISSON’S RATIO vs Vs SENSITIVITIES

Idealised Poissons Ratio vs Delta T Shear Sensitivity for various Dtp

230

210

190 Dtp130
Unconsol
Sand
D
170
Delta T Shear - m/s

D
D
150
Sand
D
D
130
Silt D
D
110 Shale
D

90 Dtp60
Gas Sand Water Sand Silt/Shale Sand Siltstone/Shale
70

50
0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 0.4500 0.5000
Poissons Ratio
 VELOCITY RATIO vs Vs SENSITIVITIES
Idealised Vp/Vs vs Dt Shear for range of Dtp
260
240 Unconsol Sand Silt
Shale
Sand
220
200
Dtp130
180
DtShear - m/s

160
140
120
100
80 Dtp60
Clean Coarse to Shaley Siltstone
60 Fine Sand Sand /Shale

40
20
0
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Vp / Vs Ratio
ROCK PHYSICS PLOT
ROCK PHYSICS PLOT
ROCK PHYSICS PLOT

Mungaroo AA Sand

Marginal MarineSequence

Fluvial Sequence
GWC @ 3280.0mRT
ROCK PHYSICS PLOT

Note difference of PR and AI

between upper gas and wet sand
ROCK PROPERTY BLOCK AVERAGING PLOT
ROCK PROPERTY BLOCK AVERAGING PLOT
Upscale Model Parameter Analysis
 ROCK PROPERTY BLOCK AVERAGING TABLE
f/ Depth t/ Depth Thick Thick Formation Lithology Fluid GR RHOB Vcl PHIE SW Vp Vs Vp Vs AI s 2 2
Vp/Vs Vp (km/s)Vs (km/s) BulkMod-K ShearMod-m
m m m ft api g/cc pu m/s m/s ft/s ft/s
3158 3164 6.0 19.7 Dingo Clst 84 2.49 50.3 10.8 61.0 3526 2023 11567 6637 8.78 0.25 1.74 12.43 4.09 17.37 10.19
3164 3222 58.0 190.3 Mung-AA I/bGasSs/Slt Gas 75 2.30 33.5 20.0 28.2 3108 1888 10196 6194 7.15 0.21 1.65 9.66 3.56 11.28 8.20
3222 3283 61.0 200.1 Mung-AA ClnGasSS Gas 38 2.12 6.1 23.4 17.6 2997 1882 9833 6175 6.35 0.17 1.59 8.98 3.54 9.03 7.51
3283 3307 23.5 77.1 Mung-AA clst/slst 100 2.32 54.7 14.6 67.9 3163 1743 10377 5719 7.35 0.28 1.81 10.00 3.04 13.83 7.06
3307 3327 20.5 67.3 Mung-AA I/bWetSS Wet 42 2.28 13.5 24.8 79.9 3383 1893 11099 6211 7.71 0.27 1.79 11.44 3.58 15.20 8.17
3327 3457 130.0 426.5 Mung-AA clst/slst 122 2.47 70.3 5.6 93.5 3431 1823 11257 5981 8.48 0.30 1.88 11.77 3.32 18.15 8.22
3457 3490 33.0 108.3 Mung-A CoalySlt 115 2.31 49.3 14.5 70.5 3082 1685 10111 5528 7.12 0.29 1.83 9.50 2.84 13.20 6.56
3490 3500 10.0 32.8 Mung-A WetSs Wet 37 2.29 9.1 21.4 99.0 3293 1872 10803 6142 7.54 0.26 1.76 10.84 3.50 14.13 8.03
3500 3517 17.0 55.8 Mung-A I/b Ss/Slt Wet 89 2.41 45.9 11.9 95.8 3413 1831 11198 6007 8.23 0.30 1.86 11.65 3.35 17.30 8.08
3517 3550 33.0 108.3 Mung-A clst/slst 125 2.53 71.4 3.3 99.6 3542 1862 11621 6109 8.96 0.31 1.90 12.55 3.47 20.05 8.77
3516 3720 204 669.3 Zn80/70CD?clst/slst wet 116 2.53 66.98 4.43 98.6 3591 1896 11781 6219 9.1 0.307 1.89 12.89 3.59 20.50 9.09
3720 3745 25 82.0 Zn80/70CD?cln ss wet 63 2.44 30 14.8 97 3665 2142 12024 7028 8.9 0.241 1.71 13.43 4.59 17.84 11.20
3745 3765 20 65.6 Zn80/70CD?clst/slst wet 110 2.553 64.2 6.54 97.6 3719 1964 12200 6443 9.5 0.307 1.89 13.83 3.86 22.18 9.85
3765 3776 10.7 35.1 Zn80/70CD?cln ss wet 36 2.43 11.3 16.4 99.7 3874 2398 12711 7867 9.4 0.190 1.62 15.01 5.75 17.85 13.97
3720 3776 55.7 182.7 Zn80/70CD?i/b ss/slt wet 75 2.48 38.65 12.14 97.7 3724 2127 12219 6978 9.2 0.258 1.75 13.87 4.52 19.44 11.22
3776 3891 114.8 376.6 Zn80/70CD?i/b ss/slt wet 94 2.52 49.8 7.9 98.2 3779 2124 12398 6969 9.5 0.269 1.78 14.28 4.51 20.83 11.37
3891 3980 89.9 294.9 Zn60/50/40?i/b ss/slt wet 111 2.55 61.7 4.5 99.6 3724 2047 12216 6717 9.5 0.283 1.82 13.86 4.19 21.10 10.69
3980 4125 144.9 475.4 Zn60/50/40?clst/slst wet 114 2.54 63.5 5 96.9 3712 2001 12179 6565 9.4 0.295 1.86 13.78 4.00 21.44 10.17
4125 4145 19.9 65.3 Zn60/50/40?ss wet 52 2.475 16.4 11 99.1 4117 2517 13508 8258 10.2 0.202 1.64 16.95 6.34 21.05 15.68
4145 4213 67.3 220.8 Zn30MNO? i/b ss/slt wet 114 2.567 61.8 4.9 96.4 3800 2091 12466 6861 9.8 0.283 1.82 14.44 4.37 22.09 11.22
4213 4279 66.5 218.2 Zn30MNO? cln ss wet 57 2.493 21.8 9.72 96.9 4058 2495 13313 8187 10.1 0.196 1.63 16.46 6.23 20.35 15.52
4279 4375 96 315.0 Zn20? clst/slst wet 109 2.58 57.5 3.5 99.1 3914 2206 12842 7237 10.1 0.267 1.77 15.32 4.87 22.79 12.55
 SEISMIC ANOMALY

Reference Aquifer
Sand Anomaly

Gas Anomaly

Stack
Gradient
 AI-S PLOT

Median Case -> representative of the seismic data

Scatter -> seismic noise, multiples, velocities f/ poor transmission

Note: every point on here

represents a CDP gather

Reference Aquifer
(ref values on the stack)

Reservoir
Anomaly
Fluid and porosity sweep on A1-S plot
Rx PROPERTY UPSCALING WORKFLOW REVIEW
 Other effects not covered by this discussion

 ANISOTROPY
were isotropic rocks have 2 independent Elastic Constants

 PRESSURE and TEMPERATURE

 ANGLE -DEPENDANT REFLECTIVITY

- effect on rock properties on reflectivities is more
complicated than that on impedances
- at wide angles the reflectivity / impedance changes are higher

 INVERSION
inversion for rock and fluid properties via multi-attibute
analysis / acoustic impedance inversion
 CONCLUSIONS

The goal of Rock Physics is to deduce rock and

fluid properties from log response that can be
calibrated to seismic in order to predict reservoir
characterisation from seismic data

thereby

Constructing the Knowledge Bridge between Reservoir

Properties and Seismic Properties

with the ultimate goal of

Reducing Exploration Risk

BACKUP SLIDES
RAW LOG INPUT required for ROCK PHYSICS

Raw Curves
Gamma Ray
Deep, Medium, Shallow Induction Resistivity
Density, Neutron & PEF Curves
Compressional Sonic
OBDT- Oil Based Dipmeter

VSP

Processed Curves
STC Processing DSI - Dipole Shear, PR & VS/VP
Startigraphic / Structural Dips

VSP Processing
PROCESSED LOG INPUT required for ROCK PHYSICS

Petrophysical Evaluation Model

MAIN OUTPUTS
. Total Porosity
. Effective Porosity
. Water Saturation
. MobileSaturation
. Immobile Saturation
. Invasion Profile
. Sandstone Volume
. ShaleVolume
. Limestone Volume
. Dolomite Volume
. Heavy Mineral Volume
. Net Sand Flag
. Net Pay Flag
MAIN LOG OUTPUT for ROCK PHYSICS

Rock Physics Property Plot

MAIN OUTPUTS
.Velocity/Sonic
-Compressional
-Shear
. Elasstic Moduli
-Bulk Modulus
-Shear Modulua
-Poisson’s Ratio
-AcousticImpedance
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

Porosity vs P-Impedance
12
P - IMPEDANCE (km/s.g/cc)

10

Legend

AWate r
8
AClst/Sh

AA/A Clst/s

AA W ater
6
AA G as

AA Clst/Sh

4 A Sand
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Porosity - (%)

In general, Impedance is a good indicator of Lithology and Porosity

 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

P-Impedance vs VpVs
21

Legend
20
DingoClst

19 Dingo/Brig?
x10 -1

Barrow G p
18
VP_VS

AWate r

AClst/Sh
17
AA/A Clst/s

16 AA W ater

AA G as
15
AA Clst/Sh

14 A Sand
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
.
P-IMPEDANCE
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY and PORE FLUIDS

VPVS vs DTCO
2.30

2.20

2.10 O 'ba nk

2.00

C r av Sply
1.90
VPVS

1.80

W et Ss t
1.70

1.60
S lty Sn dGa s

Legend
1.50

C ln Ga s W etSn d

1.40
Ga s Sn d

1.30 c ls t/s ls t
40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 14 0

DT CO (us/ft)
 EFFECTS of LITHOLOGY & PORE FLUIDS

Poissons Ratio vs Impedance

16

14

12
Acoustic Impedance

10

Mu ngar ooO 'B nk

Mu ngar ooW e t
8

D in goC ls t
6
Legend
Mu ngar ooG as
W etSn d
4
Ga s Sn d

2 c ls t/s ls t
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

PRmonopole
KB:27.4m WD 1100m f :\xl\f lis...JLRoche
 MODELLING SHEAR WAVES
Rock consists of
– Mineral Components
– Porosity
– Fluid
• Each constituent contributes to the Mechanical behaviour of the
rock as a whole
ROCK consists of Solid Rock Constituents
QTZ
CLAY
LST Vp, Vs, R, K, G, PR
DOL
HMIN
POROSITY & SAT Effected by Por & Sw
FLUID BRINE Effected by Salinity,
OIL PP, Tmp, GG, GOR,
GAS Oil Grav, Gas Grav, Sw
THE UPSCALE PROCESS -FLUID PROPERTIES SETUP

BRINE OIL GAS RESERVOIR

Salinity API GasGrav Depth

Brine K Oil K Gas K Water Depth

Brine R Oil R Gas R Fm Press

Resistivity OilGrav BubblePress Over Press

Saturation GOR Distribution Temperature

(Patchy vs Even)
Synthetic Response
 Amplitude Analysis

• Seismic data: variation in pre-stack amplitude

information with offset is described by the ZOP, S,
and A1 and these are used to derive fluid
properties.

• Modelling: from nearby well information is used

to derive models to calibrate the seismic and
constrain the prediction from the seismic.
 Amplitude Analysis
What governs this change in
amplitude with offset?

Answer
2 main factors are:
Rock Properties (Lithology)
Presence of hydrocarbons (Fluid)
 Amplitude Analysis WorkFlow

Modelling Seismic

Well logs Zero offset

Stack
Gradient
 Amplitude Analysis WorkFlow

Read in seismic data (S and R0) Read in well data

Scale amplitudes Edit/block logs
Extract wavelet Create A1S model
Pick events Create synthetic

Create A1S plot

Compare model response to seismic response.
Sweep on porosity etc

Arrive at interpretation
 Data Summary for UpScale Modelling
• Compressional velocity (Vp)*
• Shear velocity (Vs)
• Density (r) *
• Poisson’s ratio (s)
• Saturation (%)
• Clay content (%)
• Thickness (m, ft)
• Depth (m, ft)
• Fluid properties (salinity, GOR, API…)
* Note: if some info is missing, there is a large rock properties database from which
probable values can derived
 The Gassmann Equation
(1 - K d / K m ) 2
K* = Kd +
 1-  Kd
+ - 2
Kf Km Km

G* = Gd r * = r d + r f

K=bulk modulus : Km- solid rx; Kd-dry frame rx; Kf-fluid; K*-saturated rx
G=shear modulus : Gm- solid rx; Gd-dry frame rx; Gf-fluid; G*-saturated rx