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    Cellular

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    Yasir
    (1) Cellular networks reuse the same radio spectrum across different geographic areas by dividing coverage into smaller "cells" and using different frequency channels in adjacent cells to avoid interference. (2) Cells are grouped into clusters where the same frequencies are reused, with the distance between clusters determining how often frequencies can be reused. (3) Additional capacity is added by reducing cell size, increasing spectrum efficiency through dynamic channel allocation, and dividing cells into sectors served by directional antennas.

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    Cellular

    Uploaded by

    Yasir
    16 views38 pages
    (1) Cellular networks reuse the same radio spectrum across different geographic areas by dividing coverage into smaller "cells" and using different frequency channels in adjacent cells to avoid interference. (2) Cells are grouped into clusters where the same frequencies are reused, with the distance between clusters determining how often frequencies can be reused. (3) Additional capacity is added by reducing cell size, increasing spectrum efficiency through dynamic channel allocation, and dividing cells into sectors served by directional antennas.

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    Cellular Technologies

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    (1) Cellular networks reuse the same radio spectrum across different geographic areas by dividing coverage into smaller "cells" and using different frequency channels in adjacent cells to avoid interference. (2) Cells are grouped into clusters where the same frequencies are reused, with the distance between clusters determining how often frequencies can be reused. (3) Additional capacity is added by reducing cell size, increasing spectrum efficiency through dynamic channel allocation, and dividing cells into sectors served by directional antennas.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views38 pages

    Cellular

    Uploaded by

    Yasir
    (1) Cellular networks reuse the same radio spectrum across different geographic areas by dividing coverage into smaller "cells" and using different frequency channels in adjacent cells to avoid interference. (2) Cells are grouped into clusters where the same frequencies are reused, with the distance between clusters determining how often frequencies can be reused. (3) Additional capacity is added by reducing cell size, increasing spectrum efficiency through dynamic channel allocation, and dividing cells into sectors served by directional antennas.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    CELLULAR

    COMMUNICATIONS
    Cellular Basics
    Spectrum Reuse
     Earlier systems: single central transmitter
     Cover wide area
     Single channel per user
     25kHz for sufficient audio quality and guard
    interval
     40 users in 1MHz, 400 users for 100MHz
     Modern systems have millions of subscribers
    Spectrum Reuse
     Several transmitters,
    each having only
    certain coverage area

     Cell==coverage area

     Reuse same spectrum in


    many transmitters
    Cells
    Cells
     Often shown as hexagonal shapes
     In reality, very irregular boundaries
     Signal strength decreases gradually=>no exact cell
    edges
     Some cell areas may overlap
     Allocate different spectrum to adjacent cells
     Can overlap without causing interference
    Cells
    Clusters
     Cells with different spectrum
    grouped together as cluster
     Often clusters of size 7
    Theoretical Network Planning

    Honeycomb (hexagonal) cell structure

    Cluster: set of different frequencies used in group of cells

    Cluster is repeated by linear shift


    i steps along one direction
    j steps in the other direction

    How many different frequencies does a cluster contain?


    Reuse Distance

    Distance between cell centers = 3 × Cell Radius

    Reuse distance
    distance between the centers of two co-channel cells

    2 p
    Ru = i 2 + j + 2ij cos 3R
    3

    where
    R is Cell Radius
    Ru is Reuse Distance
    and cos(p /3) = 1/2
    Cluster Radius

    Radius of a cluster

    2 2
    Ru i + j + ij
    Rc = = R
    3 3
    C: number of channels needed for (i,j) grid
    Cluster Size
    is proportional to surface area of cluster

    Surface area of one hexagonal cell is

    3 3 2
    SR = R
    2

    Surface area of a (hexagonal) cluster of C cells is


    2
    SRu = C SR =
    2 { }
    3 3 Ru
    3

    Combining these two expressions gives Ru = R 3C


    Possible Cluster Sizes

    We have seen
    Ru = R 3C

    and also

    2
    Ru = i 2 + j + ij 3R

    Thus:

    C = i 2 + j 2 + ij

    with integer i and j .


    Cellular Telephony
    ·

    Chose C to ensure acceptable link quality at cell boundary

    Typical Cluster Sizes


    Cluster size C = i 2+ ij + j 2= 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, ...

    C= 1 i = 1, j = 0 } Cluster size for CDMA net


    C= 3 i = 1, j = 1
    C= 4 i = 2, j = 0
    C= 7 i = 2, j = 1 } Usual cluster sizes for TDMA
    · C= 9 i = 3, j = 0 } cellular telephone nets
    C = 12 i = 2, j = 2
    Reuse distance 2 – reuse pattern

    One frequency can be (re)used in all cells of the same color


    Reuse distance 3 – reuse pattern
    Design Objectives for Cluster Size

    •High spectrum efficiency


    many users per cell
    Small cluster size gives much bandwidth per cell

    • High performance
    Little interference
    Large cluster sizes
    The effect of decreasing cell size
    •Increased user capacity
    •Increased number of handovers per call
    •Increased complexity in locating the subscriber
    •Lower power consumption in mobile terminal:
    · Longer talk time,
    · Safer operation
    •Different propagation environment, shorter delay spreads
    •Different cell layout,
    · lower path loss exponent, more interference
    · cells follow street pattern
    · more difficult to predict and plan
    · more flexible, self-organizing system needed (cf. DECT vs. GSM)
    Cells
     Macrocells
     10km, sparsely populated area

     Microcells
     1km, densely populated area

     Picocell
     200m, particular buildings, streets
    Reuse distance 3 – reuse pattern
    Fixed and Dynamic assignment
     Fixed frequency assignment: permanent
     certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell
     problem: different traffic load in different cells

     Dynamic frequency assignment: temporary


     base station chooses frequencies depending on the
    frequencies already used in neighbor cells
     more capacity in cells with more traffic
     assignment can also be based on interference measurements
    Increasing Capacity

     Add new channels


     Dynamic channel allocation – frequencies can be
    taken from adjacent cells by congested cells
     Cell splitting – cells in areas of high usage can be
    split into smaller cells
     Cell sectoring – cells are divided into a number of
    wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of
    channels (typical: 3)
     Microcells – antennas move to buildings, hills, and
    lamp posts

    21
    Cell sectorization
     Use directional
    antennas
     Collocate cell antenna
    at the cell edges
     Reduce cost
    Handoff/Handover
     Maintain call while moving
    Basic Network Architecture
    Basic Architecture
     Base Station Controller (BSC)
     Control
    each base station
     Manage hand-off of a call from one base station to
    other
     Mobile Switching Center(MSC)
     Manages setup and tear down of calls to and from
    mobile subscribers
     Home Location Register (HLR)
     HLR subscriber database including location
    Network
     Base Transceiver
    Station (BTS)
     Antenna Tower
     Radio transceivers

     Power Supply

     Link to BSC (land lines


    or microwave)
    Setting up calls/registration
     Make a call originated from mobile handset
     Allocate resources (channel)

     Receive a call
     Locate the current cell

     After the telephone is switched on


     Contact base station
     Register to use a network
    Registration
     Authenticate (e.g. for billing)
     Authentication Center (AuC)
     Store my location
     HLRfor “home” subscribers
     VLR for “visiting”/roaming subscribers

     Mobile communicates with the network to update


    status/location
     Network keeps last known location
    Receiving a calls
     Network should send a notification to a mobile
     Network send to the area where mobile is located
     Mobile listen to a “paging” channel
     Examine each message on the paging channel and
    compares number with his own
     Respond if match
    Paging channel
     Always listening to the paging channel drains the
    battery
     Divide paging channel into 10 subgroups according
    to a last digit of mobile phone number
     Mobile has to listen only 1/10 of time
     Longer call setup time
    Random Access Channel(RACH)
     Respond to call /paging channel message
     Initiate a call
     “Access” message
     Request a channel/slot/resources for further
    communications
     Slotted ALOHA
    Handover(EU)/Handoff(US)
     Mobile monitor signal strength
     Network knows about availability of channels
     Mobile monitors strength of signal from current and
    adjacent cells and sends this information to network
     When signal drops below certain level, network
    reserved new channel at adjacent cell
     Mobile switch channel, network shuts down old channel
    Handoff Region
    33 Signal strength Signal strength
    due to BSi due to BSj

    Pi(x) Pj(x)

    Pmin
    BSi MS BSj
    X1 X3 X5 Xth X4 X2

    • By looking at the variation of signal strength from either base station it is


    possible to decide on the optimum area where handoff can take place.
    Types of Handoffs
     Hard handoff
     A hard handoff is a “break before make” connection.
     MS is linked to no more than one BS at any given time.
     Hard handoff is primarily used in FDMA and TDMA.

    Soft handoff

    It isn't a “break before make” transition.
    The call can be carried on both cells simultaneously.

    Soft handoff is used in CDMA.


    Handoff Decisions
     Decision-making process of handoff may be
    centralized or decentralized
     Three different kinds of handoff decisions
     Network-Controlled Handoff
     Mobile-Assisted Handoff

     Mobile-Controlled Handoff
    Umbrella Cells
    Operation Support Systems
     Network Management Systems
     Service Delivery
     Service Fulfillment, including the Network Inventory,
    Activation and Provisioning
     Service Assurance
     Customer Care
     Billing

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