MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
Instructor:
Engr.Muhammad Bilal wadud

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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 What is Telecommunication???

• Tele means distant

• Communication means interaction of two
entities.
• The process of transmitting or receiving
information over a distance by any electrical
or electromagnetic media

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HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

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 Invention of Radio Communication

• First radio transmissions are attributed to Hertz

in 1885.
• That was a simple radio system using a switch
and an induction coil

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 Invention of Radio Communication
• Guglielmo Marconi (Father of today’s mobile
radio systems) born in Italy in 1874.
• First scientist who made the important
breakthrough of redesigning the transmitter.
• He demonstrated transmissions over a range of
few kilometres rather than just across the
laboratory.

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 Further Enhancements
• Invention of the thermionic diode in 1904.
• lead to practical high-vacuum triodes by 1912.
1. facilitating the use of narrower band
transmissions.
2. making the transmission of speech a possibility.
• Super-heterodyne receiver was developed by
Armstrong & Fessenden in 1912.
• Armstrong had developed the concept of
frequency modulation in 1933.
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 Further Enhancements Cntd....
• The First World War fuels up the
advancements in mobile communication.
• The need for smaller and lighter transmitters
were felt for military purposes.
• After the First World War, the main impetus
for developments came from broadcasting.
• The rapid increase in the number of radio
stations resulted in the commercialization of
receivers.
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 Further Enhancements Cntd....
• It also resulted in efforts to coordinate the use
of radio spectrum.
• First spectrum management conference took
place in Washington in 1927.
• This standardized the use of frequencies up to
1.5MHz- the highest frequency thought to be
of practical use for radio transmission.

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 Further Enhancements Cntd....

• The next step was the invention of transistor.

• Dramatically reducing size and power
consumption of radio systems.
• By 1965, the first pocket-sized mobile phones
were produced.

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 First Mobile System

• Mobile Telephone Service (MTS).

• The first mobile phone service introduced by
AT&T in 25 U.S. cities in 1946.
• MTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land
dial phone service
• The original equipment weighed 80 pounds
(36 kg)
• Half Duplex (push to talk)
• not a cellular system.
• Operator intervention was required to set up calls.
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 Developments in MTS
• MTS was followed by the Improved Mobile Telephone
Service (IMTS)
• Still non-cellular system but
• Allowed automatic call set-up.

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 Mobile Communication in Europe
• In Sweden, the first European mobile radio
system was introduced in 1955 by Televerket.
• In the U.K, the first commercial system, called
System 1 introduced in 1965 in London
• was expensive, had limited capacity and many
drawbacks.
• but was still heavily oversubscribed.
• The next variant, System 2,was never
deployed.
• System 3 came with increased capacity. 13
 Cellular Network
• A cellular network or mobile network
• the last link is wireless.
• The network is distributed over land areas
called cells
• Each cell is served by atleast one fixed-
location transceiver, known as a cell site or
base station.

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 Cellular Networks: Evolution
• First Generation
– Launched in the mid-1980s
– Analog systems
– Analog modulation, Mostly FM
– Voice Traffic only
– FDMA/FDD multiple access
– Confined to national boundary
– Most popular AMPS

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 First Generation Cellular Systems
First Generation Cellular in USA
• 1983-Advance Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS)
• 666 duplex channels centered around 800MHz
released in USA, each 30kHz wide
• Duopoly-based competition in major cities
• 1989-More frequencies assigned to meet growing
demand, now 832 available.
• Still analogue, and still FM (very easy to
eavesdrop)

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 First Generation Cellular Systems
First Generation Cellular in Europe
• Every Country has its own system and frequency allocation. Most
based on 25 kHz channels
• Germany’s C-540
• Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) developed in Sweden in 1981 but
mainly for Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway
• NMT-450 (25kHz) and NMT-900 (12.5kHz)
• U.K developed its own standard in 1985 called TACS (Total Access
Communication System- very similar to AMPS but 25 kHz)
• Most of them analogue and FM
• Many standards
• Duopolies popular, e.g. Vodafone (1982) and Cellnet (1983)

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 First Generation Cellular Systems
First Generation Cellular in Pakistan
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was
officially introduced in Pakistan in 1990
Discontinued in Pakistan by October 2004

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 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
• Unlike 1st generation systems, 2nd generation
systems were digital.
• Digital Modulation (GMSK)
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
• Developed for Voice Communications
• Provides data rates of the order of ~9.6Kbps

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 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
• The use of digital technology has number of
advantages
1. Increased Capacity
2. Greater Security
3. Advance services
The most famous technology was GSM

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 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
• Spectral Efficiency-Needs ways to get more users in
the same spectrum
• Security- All this embarrassing eavesdropping has to
stop
• Better speech quality
• Additional services (SMS,WAP)
• international roaming in Europe

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 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
Second Generation Cellular in USA
• Let the market decide!
• Each operator left to choose how to implement second
generation. Most popular was IS-54, a FDMA/TDMA
system with 30kHz channel and 3 user per channel
• There was also IS-95, a CDMA system, with 1250 kHz
channels, and a variable number of users per channel
• Roaming difficult even within the country.

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 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
Second Generation Cellular in Europe
• The EU Decides for Everyone!
• CEPT (conférence Européan des Postes et
Télécommunication) commissioned to produce a pan-
European standard from scratch, and all governments in the
EU assigned the same spectrum: 890-915 MHz (uplink) and
935-960 MHz (downlink)
• GSM was born (Global System for Mobile communication)
• 200 kHz channel chosen to allow high data-rate traffic
• European companies signed up to produce hardware,
worked together on the standard.
• GSM is much more successful than IS-54 and IS-95

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 Limitation of Second Generation
(2G)
• Developed for voice communications
(unsuitable for data traffic)
• Average rate of the order of tens of kbps
• Not suitable for internet (packet switched
services)
• Multiple standards (no true global coverage)

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 2.5 G
• The effort to remove the impediments of 2G system
resulted in 2.5 G.
• Digital systems, designed not only for voice but for
low data-rate traffic
• Internet Access through GPRS (General Packet Radio
Services)
• Packet oriented mobile data service
• In theory the GPRS data rate is 171.2Kbps
• The maximum rate a user can have is 53.6Kbps.
• Average speeds of 40 to 50 kbps

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 2.75G
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) is a
digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data
transmission rates
• Uses better modulation techniques (e.g. 8PSK in addition to
GMSK) and supports higher data rates than GPRS.
• EDGE supports peak theoretical network data rates of 474
kbps (for 8 timeslots)
– carry up to 236 kbit/s for 4 timeslots
– with average throughput of 70 to 130 kbps on both the downlink and
the uplink

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 3rd Generation Systems
• Technically speaking 3G is a network protocol which refers to
the generations of mobile phones and telecommunication
equipments which are compatible with the International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) standards
stated by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
• The basic requirement for compiling to IMT-2000 standards is
that the technology should provide data rates of atleast 200
kbit/s.
• Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also
provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s
• 3G isn’t just any high speed network but a protocol which has
its own standards defined under IMT-2000 by ITU.
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 3rd Generation Systems
• Digital Modulation
• Simultaneous Voice + High-speed data
• Multi-megabit internet Access (3G should be
capable of handling around 2Mbps)
• Multimedia Transmission

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 3 rd Generation Systems
• These systems are even more sophisticated in
terms of
– Capacity
– Security
– data rates &
– Services.
• Broadband Service
• Bandwidth on Demand
• The most important technology in this generation
is UMTS (W-CDMA) which has been deployed in
many countries.
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 3rd Generation Systems con’t
• High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced
3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications
protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also
coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based
on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to
have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
• Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8,
3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.
• Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which
provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s and 84 Mbit/s downlink

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 4G
• Research is carried on 4th generation systems.
• Main impetus for developments came from
advancements in equipments & softwares.
• Due to advancements in voice encoders and
sophisticated handover algorithms, these
systems are bound to give better results.

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 4G
• International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting
peak speed requirements for 4G service at
– 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility
communication (such as from trains and cars)
– 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility
communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).

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 4G
• The first two commercially available technologies marketed as
4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint)
and the LTE (3GPP Long Term Evolution)standard, first
offered in Scandinavia.
• Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE
support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate they are not fully
IMT-Advanced
• Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-
Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are
IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of
the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,
and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s.
• Mobile WiMAX and LTE both uses OFDMA
• Services are expected in 2014. 35
 Future enhancements
5G
• 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th
generation wireless systems) denotes the
• The Next Generation Mobile Networks
Alliance defines the following requirements
for 5G networks:

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 5G con’t….
• 1 gigabit per second to be offered
simultaneously to many workers on the same
office floor
• Thousands of simultaneous connections to be
supported for massive sensor deployments
• Enhanced Spectral efficiency
• Better Coverage
• Latency should be minimized
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 5G con’t…
• The Next Generation Mobile Networks
Alliance feels that 5G should be available by
2020 to meet business and consumer
demands. In addition to providing simply
faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks
also will need to meet the needs of new use
cases, such as the Internet of Things (network
equipment in buildings or vehicles for web
access)
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