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Basic Terminology

This document defines key terminology used in logic and mathematics. It defines a statement as a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements cannot be broken down further, while composite statements contain multiple simple statements connected with words like "and" or "because". A definition precisely explains the meaning of a word or concept. A theorem is a statement that can be proved through logical reasoning based on given assumptions, and contains hypotheses and a conclusion. A lemma is an auxiliary theorem proved beforehand to help demonstrate another theorem. A corollary naturally follows from a theorem as a logical consequence.

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121 views14 pages

Basic Terminology

This document defines key terminology used in logic and mathematics. It defines a statement as a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements cannot be broken down further, while composite statements contain multiple simple statements connected with words like "and" or "because". A definition precisely explains the meaning of a word or concept. A theorem is a statement that can be proved through logical reasoning based on given assumptions, and contains hypotheses and a conclusion. A lemma is an auxiliary theorem proved beforehand to help demonstrate another theorem. A corollary naturally follows from a theorem as a logical consequence.

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BASIC

TERMINOLOGY
STATEMENT
Definition
A statement is a sentence expressed in words
that is either true or false. Statements do not
include exclamations, questions or orders. A
statement cannot be true or false at the same
time, though it cannot be true or false when
considered in different contexts.
Example
1. The statement “ No man has ever been on the
moon” was true in 1940, but it is now false at
this time.
SIMPLE STATEMENT
Definition
A statement is simple when it cannot be
broken down into other statements.
Example :
1. It will rain.
2. Two plus two is four.
3. I like that book.
COMPOSITE STATEMENT
Definition
A statement is composite (or
compound)when it contains several simple
statements connected by words such as and,
although ,or thus, then, therefore, because, for,
moreover, however and so on.
Example
1. It will rain and its windy.
2. I like that book because it controversial.
DEFINITION
Definition
A definition is statement of the precise
meaning of a word or phrase, a mathematical
symbol or concept.
Example:
1. A triangle is a polygon of three sides.
2. Parallel lines are lines that do not have any
common points.
THEOREM
Definition:
A theorem is a mathematical statement that
can be proved by a chain of logical reasoning on
the basis of certain assumptions that are given
or implied in the theorem.
The word theorem shares its Greek root
word theatre. They both come from thea, which
means the act of seeing.
The statement of a theorem consist of two
parts: hypotheses and the conclusion.
Example:
1. If a triangle is equilateral, then its internal
angles are equal. Here, the statement “ a
triangle is equilateral” is the hypotheses and the
statement “ its internal angles are equal” is the
conclusion.
LEMMA
Definition:
A lemma is an auxiliary theorem proved
beforehand to be used in the proof of another
theorem.
COROLLARY
Definition:
A corollary is a theorem that is a natural
consequence, that is, it follows logically from
something else.
Corollaries can be as important as theorems.
It is also defined in James and James
Mathematics Dictionary as “ by – product of
another theorem.”

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