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Flywheel

1. A flywheel stores energy when supply exceeds demand and releases energy when demand exceeds supply, reducing speed fluctuations. 2. Flywheel design involves determining the diameter, mass, rim width and thickness to withstand centrifugal stresses from varying rotational speed. 3. Arm design calculates bending stresses from torque transmission, with an elliptical cross-section and section modulus relating bending moment to stress.

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Dangol Rupesh
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88 views18 pages

Flywheel

1. A flywheel stores energy when supply exceeds demand and releases energy when demand exceeds supply, reducing speed fluctuations. 2. Flywheel design involves determining the diameter, mass, rim width and thickness to withstand centrifugal stresses from varying rotational speed. 3. Arm design calculates bending stresses from torque transmission, with an elliptical cross-section and section modulus relating bending moment to stress.

Uploaded by

Dangol Rupesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLYWHEEL

Introduction
• Mechanical capacitor
• Reservoir which stores energy when the supply of
energy is more than the requirement
• Releases energy when the requirement is more
than the supply
• Flywheel does not maintain constant speed, it
simply reduces the fluctuation of speed
• Essential part of stem engine, IC engine,
reciprocating compressors and pump
Governor Vs Flywheel
• Flywheel controls the speed variations caused
by the energy fluctuation of engine turning
moment whereas the governor controls the
speed variation caused by varying load
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
• Difference between max and min speeds
during a cycle is called Maximum Fluctuation
of Speed
• Ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the
mean speed is called Coefficient of Fluctuation
of Speed
2(𝑁1 −𝑁2 ) 2(𝜔1 −𝜔2 ) 2(𝑣1 −𝑣2 )
𝐶𝑠 = = =
(𝑁1 +𝑁2 ) (𝜔1 +𝜔2 ) (𝑣1 +𝑣2 )
• The reciprocal of coefficient of fluctuation of
speed is known as Coefficient of Steadiness
Fluctuation of Energy
• Determined by turning moment diagram for one complete
cycle of operation
• The area of turning moment diagram represents the work
done per cycle
• The engine is assumed to work against the mean torque

Fig: Turning moment diagram


• The difference between max and min energies
is known as maximum fluctuation of energy

Fig: Turning moment diagram for 4 stroke IC engine


Maximum Fluctuation of Energy

Let, us suppose that the max and min of these energies be at B and E
respectively
Max energy in the flywheel = 𝐸 + 𝑎1
Min energy in the flywheel = 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4
Max fluctuation of energy = max energy – min energy
= (𝐸 + 𝑎1 ) – (𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 )
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎4
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
• Ratio of the max fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle
Max fluctuation of energy
𝐶𝐸 =
Work done per cycle
Here, 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒ൗ𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 × 𝜃
𝑃×60 𝑃
Where, 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = =
2𝜋𝑁 𝜔
Also,
𝑃×60
Work done per cycle =
𝑛
Where, n= no of working stroke per minute
= N, in case of 2 stroke IC engine and steam engines
= 𝑁Τ2 , in case of four stroke IC engine
Energy Stored in Flywheel
• When flywheel absorbs energy, its speed increases and when
it gives up energy its speed decreases
1 1
• Mean KE of flywheel = 𝐼𝜔2 = 𝑚𝑘 2 𝜔2
2 2
• Max fluctuation of energy
• ∆𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑚𝑘 2 𝜔2 𝐶𝑠 = 2𝐸𝐶𝑠
• Radius of gyration(k) may be taken
equal to the mean radius of the rim
(R), because the thickness of the rim
is very small as compared to the
diameter of rim. Then,
∆𝑬 = 𝒎𝑹𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝒔 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝑪𝒔
Stresses in Flywheel Rim
1. Tensile Stress due to Centrifugal Force
• Rim is assumed to be unstrained by the arms

𝝈𝒕 = 𝝆𝑹𝟐 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐
Where, 𝜎𝑡 = Tensile of hoop stress
2. Tensile Bending Stress caused by Restraint of the Arm
Each portion of the rim between a pair of arms is assumed to
behave like a beam fixed at both ends and uniformly loaded
𝜋𝐷
• Length between fixed ends =
𝑛
• Uniformly distributed load per meter length(w)= 𝑏𝑡𝜌𝜔2 𝑅

𝑤𝑙 2 𝑏𝑡𝜌𝜔2 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 2
• Bending moment = = ( )
12 12 𝑛
1
• Section modulus 𝑍 = 𝑏𝑡 2
6
𝑀
∴ Bending Stress 𝜎𝑡 =
𝑍
19.74𝜌𝑣 2 𝑅
=
𝑛2 𝑡
Now, the total stress in the rim is
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑡 + 𝜎𝑏

3. The shrinkage stresses due to unequal rate of cooling of


casting
*this stress can be taken care of by a factor of safety
Stresses in Flywheel Arms
1. Tensile Stress due to Centrifugal Force acting on the Rim
– Arms will be subjected to direct tensile stress
𝟑 𝟑
– 𝝈𝒕𝟏 = 𝝈 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐
𝟒 𝒕 𝟒

1. Bending Stress due to the Torque transmitted


– Due to the torque transmitted
from the rim to the shaft or form
the shaft to the rim
– Arm assumed as cantilever beam
fixed at the hub and carrying
concentrated load at the free end
𝑇
• Load on each arm F =
𝑅.𝑛
𝑇
• Maximum bending moment M = (𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝑅.𝑛
𝑴 𝑻
• Bending stress 𝝈𝒃𝟏 = = 𝑹−𝒓
𝒁 𝑹.𝒏.𝒁
– Where section modulus,
𝜋
𝑍= 𝑏1 (𝑎1 )2
32
We assume, 𝑎1 = 2𝑏1
Total tensile stress in the arms at the hub end,
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑡1 + 𝜎𝑏1
*This stress should not exceed the allowable permissible stress
If the flywheel is used as a belt pulley, arms are also subjected to bending due
to net tension (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) and the bending stress due to the belt tensions is:
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )(𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝜎𝑏2 = 𝑛
𝑍
2
3. Shrinkage stresses due to unequal rate of cooling of casting
Design of Flywheel Rim
• Parameters to be determined
– Diameter (D)
– Mass (m)
– Width of flywheel rim (b)
– Thickness of flywheel rim (t)
1. Diameter
From the relation,
𝝈𝒕 = 𝝆𝑹𝟐 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐
𝜋𝐷𝑁
Where, 𝑣 =
60
2. Mass of the Flywheel (m)
∆𝑬 = 𝒎𝑹𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝒔 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝑪𝒔

3. Width (b) and thickness (t) of the flywheel


Knowing the relation between b and t and knowing mass
mass (m) and density (𝜌), we can calculate b and t as:
Area (A) = b × t
mass (m)= A × ΠD × 𝜌
Design of Arm
• Cross section is usually elliptical
• Parameters to be determined:
– 𝑎1 = major axis
– 𝑏1 = minor axis
• Section modulus
𝜋
𝑍= 𝑏1 (𝑎1 )2
32
• Bending moment
𝑇
M= (𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝑅.𝑛
• Maximum bending stress
𝑴 𝑻
𝝈𝒃𝟏 = = 𝑹−𝒓
𝒁 𝑹. 𝒏. 𝒁
Design of Shaft, Hub and Key
1. Diameter of shaft for flywheel
– Obtained from maximum torque transmitted
𝝅 𝟑
– 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔
𝝉(𝒅 𝟏 )

2. Hub
– Designed as hollow shaft
𝝅 𝒅𝟒 −𝒅𝟒𝟏
– 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝉( )
𝟏𝟔 𝒅
– Diameter of hub is usually taken as twice the diameter of shaft and
length from 2 to 2.5 times the shaft diameter
3. Key
– Length of key obtained by considering the failure of key in shering
𝒅𝟏
– 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑳 × 𝒘 × 𝝉 ×
𝟐

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