DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS

OF FLUID FLOW
• DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED
KNOWLEDGE OF A FLOW FIELD

Control volume analysis Differential analysis

Interior of the CV is All the details of the flow

are solved at every point
BLACK BOX within the flow domain
Incompressible flow field
Fluid elements may translate,
distort, and rotate but do not
grow or shrink in volume

Compressible flow field

Fluid elements may grow or
shrink in volume as they
translate, distort or rotate
 Reynolds Transport theorem

dV

dA

 
DBsys 
 bdV  bV  n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs

B – Extensive property like mass, momentum and

energy
b = B/m – Intensive property
D/Dt = substantial derivative =
 CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY EQUATION

 
DBsys 
 bdV  bV  n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs
b = B/m = m/m = 1


  dV   V  n̂dA  0
 t cv cs


Time rate of Time rate of change


Net rate of flow of
change of the of the mass of the
mass through the
mass of the contents of the
control surface
coincident system coincident control
volume

 
  dV  xyz
 t cv t
  V  n̂dA   v 
cs v  x  z  x y  z
y
  w 
w  x  y  x y  z
z

u  y  z y
  u 
K
u  y  z  x y  z
j x x
i z

w  x  y
v  x  z
 
  dV   V  n̂dA  0
 t cv cs

xyz  u  y  z  v  x  z  w  x  y  u  y  z
t
  u    v    w 
 x y  z  v  x  z  x y  z  w  x  y  x y  z  0
x y z

  u  v   w 

xyz  x y  z  x y  z  x y  z  0
t x y z

  u  v   w 

   0
t x y z
     u    v    w 
   0
t x y z
  u  v  w
u  v  w  0
t x x y y z z

     u v w 
u v w      0
t x y z  x  y  z 

D
Dt
 
   .V̂  0
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

 VdV   VV  n̂dA   Fcontents of
 t cv cs control volume
RATE AT RATE AT SUM OF THE
RATE OF
INCREASE OF - WHICH x- + WHICH x- = X-COMP
MOMENTUM MOMENTUM FORCES
x-MOMENTUM ENTERS APPLIED TO
ENTERS FLUID IN CV

  u
x-momentum  VdV  xyz
 t cv t

SURFACE FORCES BODY FORCES

• NORMAL STRESSES • GRAVITY FORCES
• SHEAR STRESSES • CORIOLIS FORCES
• PRESSURE • CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
 VV  n̂dA
 uv 
cs uv  y  z   x y  z
y

 uw 
uw  x  y   x y  z
z

y u  u  y  z  
 
 u 2
uu y  z  x
x y  z
K
j x
i z

uw  x  y uv  x  z 
   u 
xyz  u u  y  z   u v  x  z   u w  x  y 
t

 u u  y  z  

 u 2 
x y  z  u v  x  z  
  uv 
x y  z
x  y
  uw 
 u w  y  z   x y  z  LHS
z

u u 2 uv uw LHS

   
t x y z x y  z
   u  v   w    u u u u  LHS
u         u v w  
 t x y y   t x y z  x y  z

Du LHS
 
Dt x y  z
 yy
yx

xz yz xy

xx xx
xy xz

First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to

the plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
 P  xx  yx  zx RHS
     fx 
x x y z x y  z
 yx
 yx x z  xy z
y

 xx
 xx y z  x y z
 xx y z x
y
K
P
P y z j x P yz 
x
x y z
i z
 yx x z
Du P  xx  yx  zx
      fx CAUCHY’S EQN
Dt x x y z
  u v 
 xx  2 
u 2
 
   .V̂  xy       xz   
 u w 
 
 z x 
x 3  y x 
Stoke’s relation Kinematic relations


Du

P   u 2
  2    y   uy  xv   z   uz  wx   f x
   .V̂
 x  x  x 3
Dt       

 2u  2u  2u

Du

P
x
    
   u v w
    
 2
    .V̂   f x
Dt  x 2
y 2
z   x   x y z
2
 3 

x-momentum
  2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
 
 x 2
   
  

2 x 3
 .V̂   
 fx
Dt
 y 2 z  
y-momentum

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
  .V̂   
 fy
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 
   2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
    
  
    f x
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   x  3
2 

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
    f y
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 

 2w 2w 2w 


Dw

P
z
    
 
    f z
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   z  3
2 

VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY


DV̂
Dt

 P   V̂    .V̂  f
2
3
 
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY


DV̂
Dt

 P   V̂    .V̂  f
2
3
 
VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂
  P   V̂  f
2
Dt

INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂
  P  f EULER’S EQN
Dt
  u u u u  p
   u  v  w     g
 t x y z  x
u p z
Along a stream line u    g s g
s s s gsin
 z
u p z
u ds   ds  g ds
s s s

udu   dp  gdz
u2
  P  gz  C
2
2
p u
  gz  C
 2
 D
Dt
 
   .V̂  0

  2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
    
  
  
 .V̂

  fx
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   x  3
2 

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
    f y
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 

 2w 2w 2w 


Dw

P
z
    
 
   
 .V̂   f z
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   z  3
2 
Navier – French mathematician Stokes – English Mechanician
FOUR EQUATION AND FOUR UNKNOWNS – U,V,W AND P
Mathematically well posed
Nonlinear, second order partial differential equations
 Steady Laminar Flow Between Two Fixed Parallel Plates

• Steady flow
• Incompressible
• Two dimensional (Z is infinite)
 D
Dt
 
   .V̂  0  
Incompressible -  .V̂  0

  2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
    
  
  
 .V̂

  fx
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   x  3
2 

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
    f y
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 

 2w 2w 2w 


Dw

P
z
    
 
  .V̂    f z
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   z  3
2 
Fully developed Laminar Flow ; u = u (y); v = 0 & w = 0
gx = 0; gy = -g; gz = 0
Du  u u u u 
     u v w   0
Dt  t x y z 
 1 P   2u 
0   
 x  y 2 
 

1 P
0   g Pressure in the y direction varies hydrostatically - small
 y (neglect)

1 P
0  P = P(x) ; u = u (y)
 z

d 2 u 1 dP
 Integrating w.r.t y
dy 2  dx
du 1 dP
 y A 1 dP y 2
dy  d x u  Ay  B
 dx 2
 1 dP y 2
u  Ay  B
 dx 2

Boundary conditions: y =  h/2; u = 0

1 dP h 2 Ah
0   B
 dx 8 2

1 dP h 2 Ah
0   B
 dx 8 2 Adding both the equations

1 dP h 2
B  ; A0
 dx 8

h 2 dP 
2
 y 
u  1 4   Parabolic profile
8 d x   h 
 
 2
h dP
u  umax   ;y0
8 d x

  y 
2

u  umax 1  4   
  h  
Average Velocity h 2 dP   y 
2

u  1  4   
8 d x   h  

umax   u  h  h  4  h 3  h 3  umax

h/2
4 y3  8h 
uavg  y  2   max         2        h 
h  3h  h   2  2   3h  8  8  h 3  8 
 h / 2

2 3
uavg  u max umax  uavg
3 2
  2
Shear Stress Distribution  y 
u  umax 1  4  
  h 
 
du du
   u y  is NEGATIVE
dy y  h / 2 dy

du du
  u y  is POSITIVE
dy y   h / 2 dy

2y umax 4   h 2 dP h dP
    umax .  4.  4  . .  .
h2 h h 8  dx 2 dx
y  h/ 2

or
umax 3 1 6  uavg
  4  4  . uavg . 
h 2 h h

6  uavg h dP
   .
h 2 dx
 1 2

x2 P2
6  uavg
 h
dx  
 dP
x1 P1

12  uavg L
P1  P2 
h2
Local Friction Coefficient

w  
6  uavg 
 12  
h/ 2  2
Cf  .
2 2  
uavg h  uavg   uavg h 
2

12  uavg h
Cf  Re 
Re 

This is applicable for laminar flows only

 COUETTE FLOW

• Steady flow
• Incompressible
• Two dimensional (Z is infinite)

Boundary conditions: y = 0 ; u = 0; y = h ; u = U
 1 dP y 2
u  Ay  B
 dx 2
Boundary conditions: y = 0 ; u = 0; y = h ; u = U
y = 0 ; u = 0; B = 0

1 dP h 2 U 1 dP h
 Ah ; A  h   d x 2
y=h; u =U
U
 dx 2
1 dP y 2 U 1 dP U h2 dP y   y
u   y hy u  y
 dx 2 2 d x 1    
h h 2 d x h   h
h2 dP  y  
2
U  y  COUETTE FLOW VELOCITY
u  y     DISTRIBUTION
h 2  d x  h   h 
 
U h2 dP y  y  
u  y    1
h 2  d x h  h  
 U h 2 dP y   y u y  h 2  dP   y  y
u  y 1     ;      1  
h 2 d x h   h U h  2  U  dx   h  h
 

u y y  y  
h 2  dP 

  1   
2  U  dx 
U h h  h
 h2  dP 
 0  0
2 U  dx 

P x Direction of Flow

Favourable pressure gradient

h 2  dP 
 0  0
2  U  dx 

P  x Direction of Flow

Adverse Pressure Gradient

 = 0 Fluid Motion is due to Viscous Force dp/dx is zero
u y
 Simple Couette Flow – Velocity increases linearly
U h
= -3 Average velocity is zero
No flow across the passage between the plates because the
influence of the adverse pressure gradient is in balance
with the dragging action of the viscous force
 h h
Average Velocity y2 
 
1 U y y
uavg  udy      dy
h h h h h 2 
0 0 
 2 2 3
h 
Uy y y  U  h h h  U  1 
uavg            h  
h  2h 2h 2 h 2 2 3  h 2 6
3h 
 0 

 1 
uavg  U   
2 6
 STEADY FLOW IN PIPES

HAGEN – POISEUILLE FLOW

 v r 1 v v z v
Continuity equation    r 0
 r r  z r

Navier stokes equations – viscous, incompressible, steady flow

v2  
v r v v r v r  
    
1 P v 2 v
vr   vz    2 v r  r 
r r  z r  r  2 2  
 r r 

 
v v v v vr v
   1 1 P    2 v  2 v v
r   
vr   vz   
r r  z r  r  2  2
 r r 

v zv v z v z 1 P
vr   vz     2 v z 
r r  z  z  

 2 1  1  2  2
2    
r 2 r r r 2  2 z 2
 v r  v  0 ; v z  v z r 

v r 1 v v z v v z
Continuity equation    r 0 0
 r r  z r z

Navier stokes equations – viscous, incompressible, steady flow

v2  
v r v v r v r  1 P v 2  v
vr   vz      v r 
2 r  
r r  z r  r  2 2  
 r r 
P
0
r
 
v v v v vr v
   1 1 P    2 v  2 v r   
v
vr   vz     
r r  z r  r  2   2
 r r 

P
0


Hence, pressure is a function of z only ; P = P(z) only

 v zv v z v z 1 P
vr   vz     2 v z 
r r  z  z  
 2v   2v  2v 
1 P 1 zv 1
  
z z z
0    
 z  r 2 r r r 2  2 z 2 
 
d 2v dv 
1 dP
 z

z 

 dr 2 r dr  dz
 by r  
Divide by r dv z r dP A
 d 2v dv z   
 r z   r dP
 dr 2

dr  dz
dr 2  dz r
 
1 dP 2 A
d  dv z  dP vz  r  ln r  B
  r  r 4  dz 
dr  dr  dz
B.C
Integrating
dv z
 dv z  r 2 dP r  0, 0 r  R, v z  0
  r  
  A dr
 dr  2 dz
 1 dP 2 A
vz  r  ln r  B dv z
4  dz  r  0, 0 r  R, v z  0
dr
dv z
A0
r dP A
 
dr 2  dz r

1 dP 2 1 dP 2
0  R B B  R
4  dz 4  dz

1 dP 2 A
vz  r  ln r  B
4  dz 

1 dP 2 1 dP 2
vz  r  R
4  dz 4  dz

 R 2 dP 
2
r  Paraboloid of revolution
vz  1 
4  dz   R 
 
 Maximum Velocity

 R 2 dP
 R 2 dP 
2
vz 
r 
1  ;r 0 v z max 
4  dz   R 
4  dz
 
 2
 r 
v z  v z max 1    
  R 
  2 R R R
2
Average Velocity
  v z r dr d   R 2   v z r dr
1 2
v zavg  v z r dr 
 R2 R2
0 0 0 0
R 2 R
2v z max
1     r dr  z max r3   R2 R4 

2 v

r 2v z max
v zavg  r   dr    
R2   R  R2  R 2  R2  2 4 R 
2
0   0  

2v z max R 2 v z max  R 2 dP
v zavg   
R2 4 2 8  dz
Volumetric flow rate

 R 4  dP 
Q  R 2 v zavg   
8   dz 
Shear Stress
 R 2 dP 
dv z dv z 2
   vz  r  is NEGATIVE r 
vz  1 
dr r  R dr 4  dz   R 
 
dv z  R 2 dP 1
      2 R R dP
dr r  R 4  dz R 2  
2 dz

v zavg 
 R 2 dP R v zavg 8   4  v zavg
8  dz   
2  R2 R
Skin friction coefficient
4  v zavg
   
 rz  
Cf   R  8   16  
2 2    
v zavg v zavg   v zavg 
R   v zavg 
D
2 2

16
Cf 
Re D
Friction Factor

64
f  4C f 
Re D