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    DSP For Dummies: How To Turn This (Actual Raw Sonar Trace)

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Balogun
    signal processing

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    DSP For Dummies: How To Turn This (Actual Raw Sonar Trace)

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Balogun
    51 views8 pages
    signal processing

    Original Title

    signal processing

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    signal processing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    51 views8 pages

    DSP For Dummies: How To Turn This (Actual Raw Sonar Trace)

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Balogun
    signal processing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    DSP for Dummies

    aka
    How to turn this (actual raw sonar trace)
    2590

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    1 14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105 118 131 144 157 170 183 196 209 222 235 248 261 274 287 300 313 326 339 352 365 378 391 404 417 430 443 456

    1 14 27 40 53 66 79
    Into this .. (filtered sonar data)
    92 105 118 131 144 157 170 183 196 209 222 235 248 261 274 287 300 313 326 339 352 365 378 391 404 417 430 443 456
    2552

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    Fundamental property of all analog
    signals
    complex signals properties

    amplitude

    Decompose
    into summation phase
    i.e. audio
    of sinusoids
    frequency

    i.e. digital bitstream


    Fourier Transform
    How do we analyze the frequency components of a complex signal
    QuickTime™ and a
    TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
    are needed to see this picture.

    Time space x(t) Frequency space X(w)

    single frequency signal w0

    t w0 w

    t w

    Some properties
    • X(w) is complex -- complex conjugate encodes phase
    • Fourier transform is invertable
    Digital Signals
    Sample amplitude at discrete time intervals
    1,0

    .55 .46

    -,6

    -1.0
    Nyquist limit (http://www.medcyclopaedia.com)
    (Harry Nyquist, 18891976, Swedish - American physicist), the maximum frequency of a signal that
    can be measured with a method that employs sampling of the signal with a specific frequency, the
    sampling frequency. According to Shannons sampling theorem, a signal must be sampled with a
    frequency at least twice the frequency of the signal itself. The maximum measurable frequency the
    Nyquist limit or frequency is thus half the sampling frequency. If the signal frequency is higher than
    the Nyquist limit, aliasing occurs.
    Discrete Fourier Transform
    QuickTime™ and a
    TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
    are needed to see this picture.

    Given a signal represented as a time sequence of samples, the DFT


    gives us a seqence of frequency/phase amplitudes

    1,0

    .55 .46

    w0 w
    -,6

    -1.0

    w
    Signals and noise
    What is noise?
    Any signal other than the one you are interested in!

    Sources of Noise (the usual suspects)


    • statistical signals from active electronic components
    • crosstalk from other channels or other signals in the same channel
    • signals sensed from external sources (power supply, EM radiation)

    Trival Example
    1.5
    1.5 1.5

    1
    1 1

    0.5 0.5 0.5


    Signal to Noise ratio
    0 0 0
    1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82
    The relative amplitude of
    the signal of interest o the
    1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82

    -0.5 -0.5 -0.5


    noise signal
    -1 -1 -1

    -1.5 -1.5 -1.5

    Signal of interest + Noise signal Noisey Signal


    =
    Filtering out the Noise
    Finite Impulse response (FIR) filter

    Ideal Pulse (time domain) Ideal Pulse (frequency domain)

    Zero rise/fall time


    to inifinity to inifinity

    t w
    Ideal Pulse (time domain)

    actual rise/fall time finite band of component frequencies

    w
    The number and values of the component freqencies is related to the rise/fall time of the pulse
    http://www.chem.uoa.gr/Applets/AppletFourAnal/Appl_FourAnal2.html
    How a filter works
    1.5

    FFT
    0.5

    0
    1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82
    w
    -0.5
    wsignal wnoise
    -1

    -1.5

    1.5

    0.5

    minus w
    wnoise
    0
    1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82

    -0.5

    -1

    -1.5

    1.5

    0.5

    FFT-1
    w
    0
    1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81

    -0.5
    wsignal
    -1

    -1.5

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