UF
UF
UF
10 100 1000 10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
A
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT 100 200 20,000 100,000 500,000
5,000
Pf = feed pressure
Pc = concentrate pressure
Pp = permeate pressure
SP – specific permeability
SP = Q/(Am * TMP)
Q – filtrate flow rate
A m – membrane area
MWCO Determination. Feed Pressure 1 bar (15 psi)
90% rejection for 200,000 MW
100
R ejec tion [%
80
60
40
20
]
0
1.E+0 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06
3 1.E+07
Molecular weight, Daltons
Commercial MF/UF membrane material
CA – Cellulose acetate
PS – polysulfone
PES – Polyether sulfone
PAN – Polyacrilonitrile
PVDF – Polyvinylidiene
flouride
PP – Polypropylene
PE – Polyethylene
PVC – Polyvinyl
chloride
Important membrane material property
High porosity
Narrow pore distribution or sharp MWCO
High polymer strength: elongation, high burst and
collapse pressure
Good polymer flexibility
Permanent hydrophilic character
Wide range of pH stability
Good chlorine tolerance
Low cost
Preferred UF/MF membrane materials
Spinneret
P um p
Filtration
Flow Path Outside
Separating
Layer
Lumen
(Feed)
Pressure driven membrane cross
section outside – in operation
Outside
(Feed)
Filtration
flow
Separating
Layer direction
Lumen
(Filtrate)
Configuration of pressure driven, capillary membrane module
Feed Concentrate
Filtrate
PDR = (Pi-Pf)/t
Pi – initial pressure
Pf – final pressure
t – time interval
PDR = PDR
(measured) – rate
of diffusion
VDR = VDR
Integrity test sequence
12 0.8
0.7
10
0.6
P re s s ur e , ba
0.5
P re s s u r e ,
6 0.4
psi
0.3
r
4
0.2
2
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Filtration
flow
Separating
Layer direction
Lumen
(Filtrate)
Schematics of vacuum driven capillary unit
Air blower
Strainer 100 m
Vacuum pump
Filtrate
storage &
backwash
tank
Backwas Filtrate
h pump pump
Cassette capacity
750 - 1,000 m 3 /d in MBR
2,500 - 3,500 m3 /d in water
filtration
Application Flux rate range, Recovery rate
l/m2-hr (gfd) range, %
Potable water 60 – 130 (35 – 75) 90 – 97
CA Modified PS
High hydrophilic, very Moderately hydrophilic,
wettable wettable
Pore size 0.01 Pore size 0.01
µm 35 to100kD µm 35 to100kD
Fibre id 0.93 mm Fibre id 0.96 mm
Cl2 resistance quite high Cl2 resistance quite high
pH tolerance 3.5 – 8.5 pH tolerance 1 – 13
Inge
Membrane
• Modified PES
• Moderately hydrophilic, easily wettable
• Pore size; UF 10 - 25 nm
• Fibre id, 0.9 mm; od 4.3 mm
• Cl2 resistance moderately high
• pH tolerance 1.5 - 13
Multibore Membrane
Membrane
• 7 single capillaries combined into one fiber
• PES blended with a strong, hydrophilic polymer
• asymmetric membrane formed from polymer blend
• regular foam structure as active layer support
• burst pressure > 13 bar (190 psi)
Nor it
Membrane
• PES/PVP
• Hydrophilic, easily wettable
• Pore size; UF 20 - 25 nm
• Fibre id, 0.8 mm (1.5 mm); od 1.3 mm (2.5 mm)
• Cl2 resistance moderately high
• pH tolerance 1.5 – 13
• Module diameter – 200 mm
• Membrane area – 40 m2
Norit – UF train 7000m3/day (1.9 mgd)
Memcor (Siemens) submersible – CMF
S
Memcor (Siemens) pressurized – CP
Membrane Fouling in Wastewater
Reclamation
• Fouling Processes
– Organic Adsorption
– Colloidal Material
– Biogrowth
– Scaling
Effect of pretreatment on operating parameters in
wastewater reclamation systems
40 5
0 Energy
35
4
E n e rg y u s e k w h r/ k
0 Pressure
p re s s u p s
Membrane
30
i
pretreatment
0 3
25
re ,
0 Conventional
2
pretreatment Energy
20
g a ll o n
Fe
ed
0
1
15
0 Pressure
10 0
0
Cl 2
FeCl 3
CO2
Outfall
Nitrogen and phosphorus reduction process
(three stages)
Iron/Alum for
P reduction
Filtr ate
Sludge
Recirculation disposal
A Basic MBR Production Train
• 1.Biological reactor
• 2.Membranes
• 3.Permeate pump &
5
1
• air blower
• 4. Control panel
• 5. Permeate & air
• piping
4
3
R&D directions – membrane filtration
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MSF MED VC SWRO
BWRO WW
RECL
O O
A C H3
H
C
H O H
O O O
H CH2 H
O
O C
O C
H3
O O
B HN N HC CH
N
C O
Polysulfone
membrane
Oven
TMC
solution
PA membrane
Amine rinse bath
Microporous 0.2 mm
polymeric support 0.008"
Fabric backing
PA membrane surface Polymeric support Fabric backing
Evolution of performance of brackish membranes
S p e c . f lu x , l/m 2 - h r- b a r & s a lt p a s s a
9.
0
8. Cellulose Polyamide
acetate
0
7.
Spec flux
0
6. Salt
0 Pass
5.
0
4.
ge, %
0
1969 1975 1982 1982 1990 1995 2004
3. 2006
0
2.
0
Evolution of performance of seawater membranes
S p e c . f lu x , l/m 2 - h r- b a r & s a lt p a
1.
6 CA PA
1.
4
1. Spec flux
2
Salt
1. Pass
0
0.
ssage,%
8
0.
6 1978 1986 1990 1994 1995 1998 2004
2006
0.
4
0.
Feed
Brine Spacer
Concentrate
Product
Permeate
Carrier
Membrane
Feed channel
0.7 mm (0.031”)
Feed spacer
configuration
driving
5 Feed
0 pressur pressure
Concentra
4 te
pressur
0 e
Osmoti e
ar
3
0 cressure
p
2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Element
position
Concentration factor in RO
system
12.0
Concentration factor
Membrane
ions concentration
level in feed
RO TERMS
Water transport, Qw :
Qw = Kw A NDP TCF
Kw – water transport
coefficient A - membrane
area
Salt transport, Qs :
Qs = Ks A C TCF
Ks – salt transport coefficient
C - salt concentration
RO TERMS
Permeate salinity
Cp ∝ Qs/Qw
= Ks A C
TCF/ Kw A
NDP TCF
= Ks C / Kw
NDP
C ∝ recovery rate
NDP ∝ feed
8” and 16” diameter
elements
5 m3/hr (22
gpm)
concentrate
Permeate
FI
Pressure vessel,
PG 1st stage
Pressure vessel,
1st stage
Pressure vessel,
1st stage
Pressure vessel,
2nd stage
Pressure vessel,
2nd stage
PG
FI
Concentrate
Permeate manifold
Membrane area, m2 (ft2) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400)
Test flux rate, l/m2-hr 34.8 (20.5) 33.2 24.7 42.5 55.9
(gfd) (19.5) (14.5) (25.0) (32.9)
Permeability, l/m2-hr- 7.7 (0.31) 7.2 (0.29) 8.7 (0.35) 11.9 15.7
bar (gfd/psi) (0.48) (0.63)
Relative salt transport: 17.4 (10.2) 6.6 (3.9) 11.1 (6.5) 1.3 (0.8) 1.7 (1.0)
salt passageflux rate
Commercial offering of brackish RO membrane
modules
Membrane area, m2 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400) 37.1 (400)
(ft2)
Permeate flow, m3/d 24.6 34.1 24.6 (6,500) 26.5 (7,000) 34.1(9,000)
(gpd) (6,500) (9,000)
Test flux rate, l/m2-hr 27.6 38.2 (22.5) 27.6 (16.3) 31.3 (18.4) 38.2 (22.5)
(gfd) (16.3)
Permeability, l/m2-hr- 1.0 (0.04) 1.5 (0.06) 1.0 (0.04) 1.2 (0.05) 1.5 (0.06)
bar (gfd/psi)
HydraCoRe Membrane
HydraCoRe ion rejection
Anion
A- A2-
Cl SO4
Cation
Molecular 35 96
Weight
Na 23 50% 90%
M+
Mg 24 20% 35%
M2+
Ca 40 12% -
Orange County Groundwater
Basin Cross-Section
Irvine Ranch Project – membrane elements
testing
Parameter Feed HydraCoRe Conventional
permeate Nanofiltration
permeate
Color , CU 200 <5 <5
1,160 m3/hr
(5,100 gpm)
102 m3/hr
(450 gpm)
Irvine Ranch Plant concentrate flow reduction
Permeate – 30,000 m3/day (7.90 MGD), Concentrate – 600
m3/day
(0.16 MGD), Recovery – 98%
1,330 m3/hr
(5,485 gpm)
R = 92%
R = 85%
25 m3/hr
(111 gpm)
Irvine Ranch NF Plant: Feed, Permeate
and Concentrate Samples
Feed Permeate
Concentrate
High water pH shifts equilibrium to the right
6.5 70 30 1.5
7.0 70 30 1.5
7.5 74 26 1.3
8.0 78 22 1.1
Brackish RO system. Recovery rate 85%.
Boron concentration in feed 2.0 ppm
0.
9
0. Low
8 salinity
0. Seawater
7
Concentra
0.
6 te
0.
5
6 7 8 9 1 1 1
0.
0 1 2
4 pHof
0. solution
3
0.
2
Second pass RO system. Recovery rate
90%. Boron concentration in feed 1.4 ppm
9.0 30 70 1.0
9.5 48 52 0.7
10.0 72 28 0.4
10.4 83 13 0.2
Seawater RO. Combined recovery rate
50%
Rec. = 50%
100 Pass 1 50
Scale NaOH 50
inhibitor