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Advanced Java Programming

CSE 7345/5345/ NTU 538N
Session 2

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Office Hours:
Chantale by appt
3:30pm-4:30pm
Laurent-Rice
SIC 353

Welcome Back!!!

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 Introduction

• Chapter 1
– Course Objectives
– Organization of the Book

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 Objectives

• Upon completing this chapter, you will

understand
– Create, compile, and run Java
programs
– Primitive data types

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 Book Chapters
• Part I: Fundamentals of Programming

– Chapter 1 Introduction to Java

– Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and
Operations
– Chapter 3 Control Statements
– Chapter 4 Methods
– Chapter 5 Arrays
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 Book Chapters, cont.
• Part II: Object-Oriented Programming

– Chapter 6 Objects and Classes

– Chapter 7 Strings
– Chapter 8 Class Inheritance and
Interfaces
– Chapter 9 Object-Oriented Software
Development
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 Book Chapters, cont.
• Part III: GUI Programming

– Chapter 10 Getting Started with GUI

Programming
– Chapter 11 Creating User Interfaces
– Chapter 12 Applets and Advanced GUI

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 Book Chapters, cont.
• Part IV: Developing Comprehensive
Projects
– Chapter 13 Exception Handling
– Chapter 14 Internationalization
– Chapter 15 Multithreading
– Chapter 16 Multimedia
– Chapter 17 Input and Output
– Chapter 18 Networking
– Chapter 19 Java Data Structures
Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 Chapter 1
• Objectives:
• Get an overall perspective of what
capabilities and features are
encompassed by Java and its
development kit.
• Take a first look at Java syntax.
• Getting Input from Input Dialog
Boxes
• Style and Documentation Guidelines

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 What Is Java?

• History
• Characteristics of Java

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 What is Java?
• An Object-Oriented Programming Language
developed at Sun Microsystems
• A Virtual Machine (run-time environment) that
can be embedded in web browsers (e.g.
Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet
Explorer and IBM WebExplorer) and operating
systems.
• A set of standardized Class libraries
(packages), that support:
– Creating graphical user interfaces
– Communicating over networks
– Controlling multimedia data
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 History
• James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
• Oak
• Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
• HotJava
– The first Java-enabled Web browser
• JDK Evolutions
• J2SE, J2ME, and J2EE (not mentioned
in the book)
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 Characteristics of Java
• Java is simple • Secure
• Object-Oriented • Architecture-
• Distributed neutral
• Interpreted • Portable
• Robust • High-performance
• Multithreaded
• dynamic

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 Java is Simple
• Java is not just a language for use
with the Internet.
• It is a full featured Object-Oriented
Programming Language (OOPL).
• Java is a bit easier than the popular
OOP language C++.
• Java uses automatic memory
allocation and garbage collection.

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 What is Object-Oriented
Programming?
• Think of OOP as a set of
implementation techniques that
– Can be done in any programming language
– Are very difficult to do in most
programming languages
– OOP provides great flexibility,
modularity, and reusability.

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 Java is Distributed

• Distributed computing involves

several computers working together
on a network.
• Java’s concurrency features make is
unique for developing many
interactive and networked
applications.
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 Java is Interpreted
• Java Virtual Machine:
– Java is compiled to byte-codes whose
target architecture is the Java Virtual
machine (JVM).
– The virtual machine is embeddable within
other environments, e.g. web browser
and operating systems.
– Utilize a byte-code verifier when
reading in byte-codes. The class loader
is employed for “classes” loaded over the
network (enhances security)
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 Java Virtual Machine
• JVM

Environment
java
Java Source code javac Java byte-code Java VM
.java .class

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 Java is Robust
• Robust means reliable.
• No programming language can ensure complete
reliability.
• Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking
for possible errors, because Java compilers can
detect many problems that would first show up
at execution time in other languages.
• Java has a runtime exception-handling feature
to provide programming support for
robustness.

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 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
• Java is interpreted.
• JIT compiler
– Just-in-time compilers
– This provides
• Improved performance
• Better match to specific hardware

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 JIT Compiler
• JIT- takes byte-codes and change it
to machine code.

JVM .class file

J.I.T.
Running Compiler
Applet or Application machine code

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 JIT Compiler
• Because of the need for architecture
independence, performance tuning must be
performed on the client-side.

• This client-side compilation is known as

Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.

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 Portable, Dynamic, Multithreaded,
and Extensible
• Java runtime based on architecturally-neutral byte-codes
.class
(per class). files
• Multithreading is a program’s capability to perform several
tasks simultaneously.

loaded
Java interpreted
classes
Runtime
(byte-codes)

call

Native Native
.dll .dll
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 Advantages
• Byte-code is a compact machine
language form. In Java the target
machine is the Java Virtual Machine
(VM).
• These byte-codes are thus portable
across architecture boundaries.
• Applets and Applications have “class”
files loaded on their behalf in order to
execute.
Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 JDK Versions

• JDK 1.02 (1995)

• JDK 1.1 (1996)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.2 (a.k.a JDK 1.2, 1998)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.3 (a.k.a JDK 1.3, 2000)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.4 (a.k.a JDK 1.4, 2002)

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 JDK Editions
• Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
• Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications
such as Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
• Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.

This book uses J2SE to introduce Java

programming.
Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 Java IDE Tools

• Forte by Sun MicroSystems

• Borland JBuilder
• Microsoft Visual J++
• WebGain Café
• IBM Visual Age for Java
• IBM Eclipse

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 Getting Started with Java
Programming

• A Simple Java Application

• Compiling Programs
• Executing Applications

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 Command Line
Example 1.1
//This application program prints Welcome
//to Java!
package chapter1;

public class Welcome {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Source Run

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Creating and Compiling Programs
Create/Modify Source Code

Source Code
• On command line
– javac file.java
Compile Source Code
i.e. javac Welcome.java

If compilation errors

Bytecode

Run Byteode
i.e. java Welcome

Result

If runtime errors or incorrect result

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 Executing Applications
• On command line
– java classname

Bytecode

Java Java Java

Interpreter Interpreter Interpreter
...
on Windows on Linux on Sun Solaris

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 Command line Example

javac Welcome.java

java Welcome

output:...

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 Compiling and Running a Program

Welcome.java
c:\example Where are the files
chapter1 Welcome.class stored in the
Welcome.java~
directory?

chapter2 Java source files and class files for Chapter 2

.
.
.
chapter19 Java source files and class files for Chapter 19

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There are three forms of comments in Java.
1-int i = 10; // i is used as a counter
2- The multiline comment
/* This is a comment */
This form of comment may also extend
over several lines as shown here:
/*
This is a longer comment
that extends over
five lines.
*/

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 There are three forms of comments in Java.

3- This is the documentation comment.

/**
This is a Java
documentation
comment
*/
The advantage of documentation comments is
that tools can extract them from source files
and automatically generate documentation for
your programs. The JDK has a tool named
javadoc that performs this function.
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 Package
•The second line in the program (package
chapter1;) specifies a package name, chapter1, for
the class Welcome.

•Forte compiles the source code in Welcome.java,

generates Welcome.class, and stores
Welcome.class in the chapter1 folder.

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program
forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { Class block
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
Next-line public class Test
style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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 main Method
The main method provides the control
of program flow. The Java
interpreter executes the application
by invoking the main method.

The main method looks like this:

public static void main(String[]

args) {
// Statements;
}
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 Displaying Text in a Message Dialog Box

• you can use the showMessageDialog

method in the JOptionPane class.

• JOptionPane is one of the many

predefined classes in the Java
system, which can be reused.

Source Run

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 The showMessageDialog Method

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Welcome
to Java!",
"Example 1.2",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE));

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 A simple Java
Applet
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;

/*
<applet code="FirstApplet" width=200 height=200>
</applet>
*/

public class FirstApplet extends Applet

{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("This is my first applet!", 20, 100);
}
}
See word doc for output.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Integral Literals
• Integral literals may be expressed in
decimal, octal, or hexadecimal.
• The default is decimal.
• To indicate octal, prefix the literal with 0
(zero)
• To indicate hexadecimal, prefix the literal
with 0x or 0X;
• the hex digits may be upper-or lowercase.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Integral Literals
For example:
The value twenty-eight may be expressed
the following ways:
28
034
0x1c
0x1C
0X1c
0X1C

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 Integral Literals
• By default, an integral literal is a 32-bit
value.

• To indicate a long (64-bit) literal, append

the suffix L to the literal expression.

• The suffix can be lowercase, but then it

looks so much like a one that makes it
confusing.
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 Literals

• Literals are explicit data values that appear in

your program.

• A literal is a value specified in the program

source, as opposed to one determined at
runtime. Literals can represent primitive or
string variables, and may appear on the right
side of assignments or in method calls. You
cannot assign a value into a literal, so they
cannot appear on the left of an assignment.
For example:

int x = 25;
Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 Boolean Literals
• The only literals of boolean type are
true and false.

For example:

1. boolean isBig = true;

2. boolean isLittle = false;

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 char Literals
A char literal can be expressed by
enclosing the desired character
in single quotes,

For example:

char c = ' w ';

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Chapter 1 Topic Summary
• Java is many things
– A concurrent object-oriented
programming language
– A virtual machine and Web-aware run-
time
– A powerful and stable set of class
libraries.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Chapter 2
Liang, Nutshell
Objectives:
• Introduce Programming with an Example
• Identifiers, Variables, and Constants
• Primitive Data Types
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean
• Expressions
• Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand
Evaluation Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=,
/=, %=, ^, &, |, +, -,
• Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic
ErrorsLiang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 Java Reserved Words
or Keywords
• abstract default if private this
• boolean do implements protected throw
• break double import public throws
• byte else instanceof return transient
• case extends int short try
• catch final interface static void
• char finally long strictfp volatile
• class float native super while
• const for new switch
• continue goto package synchronized

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 Keyword and identifiers
• An identifier is a word used by a
programmer to name a variable, method,
class, or label.
• Keywords and reserved words may not be
used as identifiers.
• An identifier must begin with a letter, a
dollar sign (4), or an underscore (_);
subsequent characters may be letter,
dollar signs, underscores, or digits.
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 Examples
• foobar // legal

• BIGinterface // legal

• $incomeAfterExpenses // legal

• 3_nodes5 // illegal

• !theCase // illegal
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 Using Keyword
• Using a keyword as an
identifier is a syntax error

• Keywords that are reserved,

but not used, by Java
– const
– goto
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 Reserved Words
•Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be
used for other purposes in the program.

•For example, when the compiler sees the word

class, it understands that the word after class is
the name for the class.

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 Java support eight different basic data type

• Type Description Keyword

• character 16-bit Unicode character data char

• boolean true/false values boolean
• byte 8-bit signed integer numbers byte
• short 16-bit signed integer numbers short
• integer 32-bit signed integer numbers int
• long 64-bit signed integer numbers long
• float 32-bit signed floating-point numbers float
• double 64-bit signed floating-point numbers double

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 Primitive Data Type
• Java's Primitive C++ Simple data type
data type integral floating

boolean char float

char short long
byte int long double
short long
int enum
long unsigned char
float unsigned short
double unsigned int
unsigned long
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 Primitive Data Types and
Operations
• Type Precision Default Value
byte 8 bits 0
short 16 bits 0
int* 32 bits 0
long 64 bits 0
char 16 bits \u0000
float 32 bits +0.0f
double 64 bits +0.0d
boolean - false
‘obj-ref’ - null

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 The four signed data types are:

v byte
v short
v int
v long

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 Valid Control Character
• Valid control character are:
– \b backspace
– \t horizontal tab
– \n linefeed
– \f formfeed
– \r carriage return
– \” double quote
– \’ single quote
– \\ backslash
– “dddd” for Unicode - is 0000 to hex
ffff
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• var++, var--
Operator Precedence
• +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
• (type) Casting
• ! (Not)
• *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and modulus)
• +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
• <, <=, >, >= (Comparison or Relational)
• ==, !=; (Equality)
• & (Unconditional AND)
• ^ (Exclusive OR)
• | (Unconditional OR)
• && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
• || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
• =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

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 Bitwise Operators
Java defines several bitwise operators
which can be applied to the integer
types,
long, int, short, char, byte

These operators act upon the individual

bits of their operands.

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 Bitwise Operators
Operator Name
~ Bitwise unary NOT
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right zero fill
<< Shift left

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 Bitwise Operators
Operator Name

&= Bitwise AND assignment

|= Bitwise OR assignment
^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment
>>= Shift right assignment
>>>= Shift right zero fill assignment
<<= Shift left assignment

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 Bitwise NOT ( ~)
• Also called the bitwise complement, the
unary NOT operator, ~ ,
• Inverts all the bits of its operand.

• Example
Number 74
before bitwise NOT -> 01001010
after the NOT operator applied -> 10110101
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 Bitwise AND ( & )
• Produces a 1 bit if both operands are also
1, otherwise a zero is produced.
Example
Number 74 & 29 -> 8
-> 01001010
-> & 00011101
After -> 0 0 0 0 1 000

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 Bitwise OR ( | )
• Combines bits such that if either of the
bits in the operands is a 1, then the
resultant bit is a 1. A zero if both bits are
zeros.
Example
Number 74 | 29 -> 95
-> 01001010
-> | 00011101
After -> 01 011111
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 Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
• Combines bits such that if exactly one
operand is 1, then the result is 1.
Otherwise, the result is zero.
Example
Number 74 | 29 -> 87
-> 01001010
-> ^ 00011101
After -> 01 010111

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 Left shift ( << )
Right shift ( >> )
unsigned right shift ( >>>)
• Left shift (>>) shifts all of the bits in a value to
the left a specified number of times.
• Right shift (>>) shifts all of the bits in a value
to the right a specified number of times.
• Unsigned right shift (>>>) automatically fills the
high-order bits with its previous contents each
time a shift occurs. This preserves the sign of
the value.

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 Relational or Comparisons Operators

Operator Name
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to

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 Relational Operators
The relational operators determine the
relationship that one operand has to
the other

They determine equality and ordering.

The result of these operations is a

boolean value.

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 Boolean Logical Operators
Operator Name

& Logical AND

| Logical OR
^ Logical XOR (exclusive OR)
|| Short-circuit OR
&& Short-circuit AND
! Logical unary NOT (inverts)

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 Boolean Logical Operators
Operator Name

&= AND assignment

|= OR assignment
^= XOR assignment
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
?: Ternary if-then-else

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 Boolean Logical Operators
The Boolean Logical operators operate
only on boolean operands.

All of the binary logical operators

combine two boolean values to form a
resultant boolean value.

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The boolean Type and Operators
boolean lightsOn = true;
boolean lightsOn = false;

boolean b = (1 > 2);

&& (and) (1 < x) && (x < 100)

• || (or) (lightsOn) || (isDayTime)
•! (not) !(isStopped)

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 Truth Table for Operator !
Truth Table for Operator !

Operand !Operand
true false
false true

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 Truth Table for Operator &&

Operand1Operand2Operand1 &&
Operand2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
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Truth Table for Operator ||
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ||
Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true

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Truth Table for Operator ^
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ^
Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true false

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 The & and | Operators
&&: conditional AND operator
&: unconditional AND operator
||: conditional OR operator
|: unconditional OR operator

exp1 && exp2

(1 < x) && (x < 100)

(1 < x) & (x < 100)

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 The & and | Operators
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)

If x is 1, what is x after this

expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)

How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?

(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?

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 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(

null, “Prompt Message”, “Dialog Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the prompting message
and y is a string for the title of the input
dialog box.

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 Convertting Strings to Doubles

To convert a string into a double

value, you can use the static
parseDouble method in the Double class
as follows:

double doubleValue
=Double.parseDouble(doubleString);

where doubleString is a numeric string

such as “123.45”.
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 Read / Work With (Course Links)

• Liang, Nutshell Chapter 3-4

• Life Cycle of Applets
• List Of Basic Tags
• Try It Editor

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Chapter 3
Control Statements
•Selection Statements
–Using if and if...else
–Nested if Statements
–Using switch Statements
–Conditional Operator
•Repetition Statements
–Looping: while, do-while, and for
–Nested loops
–Using break and continue

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 Selection Statements
• if Statements
• switch Statements
• Conditional Operators

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 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if
clause is a common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is
not a compilation error or a runtime error,
it is a logic error.

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 switch Statements
switch (year) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
break;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
break;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
break;
default: System.out.println(
"Wrong number of years, enter 7,
15, or 30");
}

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 Repetitions

• while Loops
• do-while Loops
• for Loops
• break and continue

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 Chapter 4
• Introducing Methods Methods
– Benefits of methods, Declaring Methods, and
Calling Methods
• Passing Parameters
– Pass by Value
• Overloading Methods
– Ambiguous Invocation
• Scope of Local Variables
• Method Abstraction
• The Math Class

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 Introducing Methods
Method Structure
A method is a
collection of
statements that are
grouped together
to perform an
operation.

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 Methods
• A method is essentially a set of program
statements. It forms the fundamental unit
of execution in Java. Each method exists
as part of a class.
During the execution of a program,
methods may invoke other methods in the
same or a different class.
No program code can exist outside a
method, and no method can exist outside a
class.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Using Methods
For example:

public class TheMethod

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“First method”);
}
}

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 All methods are passed by value.

• All methods are passed by value. This

means that copies of the arguments are
provided to a method.

• Any changes to those copies are not visible

outside the method.

• This situation changes when an array or

object is passed as an argument.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 call-by-value argument passing

• In this case the entire array or object is

not actually copied.
• Instead, only a copy of the reference is
provided.
• Therefore, any changes to the array or
object are visible outside the method.
• However, the reference itself is passed by
value.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 call-by-value argument passing

• Method a( ) accepts three arguments:

• an int
• an int array
• an object reference
The value of these arguments are
displayed before and after the
method call.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 call-by-value argument passing

• The key points to note are:

• The change to the first argument is

not visible to the main( ) method.

• The changes to the array and object

are visible to the main( ) method.

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

public class CallByValue
Example:
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Initializes variables
int i = 5;
int j[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, };
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("abcd");

// Display variables
display(i, j, sb);

// call method
a(i, j, sb);

//Display variables again

display(i, j, sb);
}
Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil
 Example (con’t)
public static void a(int i, int j[], StringBuffer sb)
{
i = 7;
j[0] =11;
sb.append("fghi");
}
public static void display(int i, int j[], StringBuffer sb)
{
System.out.println(i);
for (int index = 0; index < j.length; index++)
System.out.print(j[index] + " ");
System.out.println(" ");
System.out.println(sb);
}
}

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Methods that return Values.
The return type for a method can be used
in the Java

• The return type for a method can be any

type used in the Java programming
language, which includes the primitive (or
scalar) types int, double, char, and so on, as
well as class type (including class types you
create).

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Methods that return values
public class GettingARaise
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double mySalary = 200.00;

System.out.println("Demonstrating some raises");

predictRaise(mySalary);
System.out.println("Demonstrating my salary " + mySalary);
predictRaise(400.00);
predictRaiseGivenIncrease(600, 800);
}

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Methods that return values
public static void predictRaise(double moneyAmount)
{
double newAmount;
newAmount = moneyAmount * 1.10;
System.out.println("With raise salary is " +
newAmount);
}

public static void predictRaiseGivenIncrease(double moneyAmount, double

percentRate)
{
double newAmount;
newAmount = moneyAmount * (1 + percentRate);
System.out.println("With raise predicted given salary is
" + newAmount);
}
}

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil

 Read / Work With (Course Links)

• Liang, Nutshell Chapter 4-6

• Life Cycle of Applets
• List Of Basic Tags
• Try It Editor

Liang, Oreilly, Herbert Schildt, Joseph O’Neil