Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
to accompany
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The heat engine may be composed of the following components.
The working fluid, steam (water), undergoes a thermodynamic cycle from 1-2-3-4-1.
The cycle is shown on the following T-s diagram.
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Carnot Vapor Cycle Using Steam
700
600
500
6000 kPa
400
T [C]
300 2 100 kPa
3
200
100 1 4
0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8.0 9 .0 1 0 .0
s [kJ/kg-K]
Wnet Q
th , Carnot 1 out
Qin Qin
T
1 L
TH
Note the effect of TH and TL on th, Carnot.
•The larger the TH the larger the th, Carnot
•The smaller the TL the larger the th, Carnot
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To increase the thermal efficiency in any power cycle, we try to increase the
maximum temperature at which heat is added.
To resolve the difficulties associated with the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle was
devised.
Rankine Cycle
The simple Rankine cycle has the same component layout as the Carnot cycle
shown above. The simple Rankine cycle continues the condensation process 4-1
until the saturated liquid line is reached.
6000 kPa
400
3
300
T [C]
200
10 kPa
100 2
4
0
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
s [kJ/kg-K]
Example 10-1
Compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle for which steam leaves
the boiler as superheated vapor at 6 MPa, 350oC, and is condensed at 10 kPa.
The pump work is obtained from the conservation of mass and energy for steady-flow
but neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes and assuming the pump is
adiabatic and reversible.
m 1 m 2 m
m 1h1 W pump m 2 h2
W pump m (h2 h1 )
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The incompressible liquid assumption allows
v v1 const .
h2 h1 v1 ( P2 P1 )
The pump work is calculated from
W pump m (h2 h1 ) mv
1 ( P2 P1 )
W pump
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 )
m
Using the steam tables
kJ
h h 191.81
P1 10 kPa
1 f
kg
Sat. liquid m3
v v f 0.00101
1 kg
w pump v1 ( P2 P1 )
m3 kJ
0.00101 (6000 10) kPa 3
kg m kPa
kJ
6.05
kg 8
Now, h2 is found from
h2 wpump h1
kJ kJ
6.05 191.81
kg kg
kJ
197.86
kg
Boiler
To find the heat supplied in the boiler, we apply the steady-flow conservation of mass
and energy to the boiler. If we neglect the potential and kinetic energies, and note
that no work is done on the steam in the boiler, then
m 2 m 3 m
m 2 h2 Q in m 3h3
Q in m (h3 h2 )
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We find the properties at state 3 from the superheated tables as
kJ
h 3043.9
P3 6000 kPa 3 kg
T3 350o C kJ
s3 6.3357
kg K
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Turbine
The turbine work is obtained from the application of the conservation of mass and
energy for steady flow. We assume the process is adiabatic and reversible and
neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
m 3 m 4 m
m 3h3 W turb m 4 h4
W turb m (h3 h4 )
We find the properties at state 4 from the steam tables by noting s4 = s3 = 6.3357
kJ/kg-K and asking three questions.
kJ kJ
at P4 10kPa : s f 0.6492 ; s g 8.1488
kg K kg K
is s4 s f ?
is s f s4 s g ?
is sg s4 ?
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s4 s f x4 s fg
s4 s f 6.3357 0.6492
x4 0.758
s fg 7.4996
h4 h f x4 h fg
kJ kJ
191.81 0.758(2392.1)
kg kg
kJ
2005.0
kg
The turbine work per unit mass is
wturb h3 h4
kJ
(3043.9 2005.0)
kg
kJ
1038.9
kg
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The net work done by the cycle is
wnet wturb wpump
kJ
(1038.9 6.05)
kg
kJ
1032.8
kg
The thermal efficiency is
kJ
1032.8
wnet kg
th
qin 2845.1 kJ
kg
0.363 or 36.3%
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Ways to improve the simple Rankine cycle efficiency:
For the above example, find the heat rejected by the cycle and evaluate the thermal
efficiency from
wnet qout
th 1
qin qin
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Reheat Cycle
As the boiler pressure is increased in the simple Rankine cycle, not only does the
thermal efficiency increase, but also the turbine exit moisture increases. The reheat
cycle allows the use of higher boiler pressures and provides a means to keep the
turbine exit moisture (x > 0.85 to 0.90) at an acceptable level.
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s
Component Process First Law Result
Boiler Const. P qin = (h3 - h2) + (h5 -
h4)
Turbine Isentropic wout = (h3 - h4) + (h5 -
h6)
Condenser Const. P qout = (h6 - h1)
Pump Isentropic win = (h2 - h1) = v1(P2
The thermal
- Pefficiency
1)
is given by
wnet
th
qin
(h3 - h4 ) + (h5 - h6 ) - (h2 - h1 )
(h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 )
h6 h1
1
(h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 )
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Example 10-2
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Regenerative Cycle
To improve the cycle thermal efficiency, the average temperature at which heat is
added must be increased.
One way to do this is to allow the steam leaving the boiler to expand the steam in the
turbine to an intermediate pressure. A portion of the steam is extracted from the
turbine and sent to a regenerative heater to preheat the condensate before entering
the boiler. This approach increases the average temperature at which heat is added
in the boiler. However, this reduces the mass of steam expanding in the lower-
pressure stages of the turbine, and, thus, the total work done by the turbine. The
work that is done is done more efficiently.
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Cycle with an open feedwater heater
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Rankine Steam Power Cycle with an Open Feedwater Heater
60 0
3000 kPa
50 0
5
500 kPa
40 0
T [C]
30 0
10 kPa
6
20 0 4
2
10 0 3
7
0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
s [kJ/kg-K]
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Let’s sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle.
T
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Cycle with a closed feedwater heater with pump to boiler pressure
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Let’s sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle.
T
To find the fraction of mass to be extracted from the turbine, apply the first law to the
feedwater heater and assume, in the ideal case, that the water leaves the feedwater
heater as a saturated liquid. (In the case of the ideal closed feedwater heater, the
feedwater leaves the heater at a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at
the extraction pressure.)
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Example 10-3
An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at
3 MPa, 500oC, and exhausts at 10 kPa. A single open feedwater heater is used and
operates at 0.5 MPa. Compute the cycle thermal efficiency.
The important properties of water for this cycle are shown below.
States with selected properties Selected saturation properties
State P T h s P Tsat vf hf
kPa C kJ/kg kJ/kg-K kPa C 3
/kg kJ/kg
m
4 3000
7 10 2292.7 7.2359 25
The work for pump 1 is calculated from
w pump 1 v1 ( P2 P1 )
m3 kJ
0.00101 (500 10) kPa 3
kg m kPa
kJ
0.5
kg
Now, h2 is found from
h2 w pump 1 h1
kJ kJ
0.5 1918
.
kg kg
kJ
192.3
kg
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The fraction of mass extracted from the turbine for the open feedwater heater is
obtained from the energy balance on the open feedwater heater, as shown above.
kJ
(640.1 192.3)
h h kg
y 3 2 0.163
h6 h2 (2942.6 192.3) kJ
kg
This means that for each kg of steam entering the turbine, 0.163 kg is extracted for
the feedwater heater.
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Now, h4 is found from the energy balance for pump 2 for a unit of mass flowing
through the pump.
Eout Ein
h4 wpump 2 h3
kJ kJ
2.7 640.1
kg kg
kJ
642.8
kg
Apply the steady-flow conservation of energy to the isentropic turbine.
E in E out
m 5 h5 W turb m 6 h6 m 7 h7
W turb m 5 [ h5 yh6 (1 y )h7 ]
W turb
wturb h5 yh6 (1 y ) h7
m 5
kJ
[3457.2 (0.163)(2942.1) (1 0.163)(2292.7)]
kg
kJ
1058.6 28
kg
The net work done by the cycle is
W net W turb W pump 1 W pump 2
m 5 wnet m 5 wturb m 1w pump 1 m 3w pump 2
m 5 wnet m 5 wturb m 5 (1 y ) w pump 1 m 5w pump 2
wnet wturb (1 y ) w pump 1 w pump 2
kJ
[1058.6 (1 0.163)(0.5) 2.7]
kg
kJ
1055.5
kg
Apply the steady-flow conservation of mass and energy to the boiler.
m 4 m 5
m 4 h4 Q in m 5h5
Q in m 5 (h5 h4 )
Q in
qin h5 h4
m 5
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The heat transfer per unit mass entering the turbine at the high pressure, state 5, is
qin h5 h4
kJ kJ
(3457.2 642.8) 2814.4
kg kg
The thermal efficiency is
kJ
1055.5
w kg
th net
qin kJ
2814.4
kg
0.375 or 37.5%
If these data were used for a Rankine cycle with no regeneration, then th = 35.6
percent. Thus, the one open feedwater heater operating at 0.5 MPa increased the
thermal efficiency by 5.3 percent. However, note that the mass flowing through the
lower-pressure turbine stages has been reduced by the amount extracted for the
feedwater and the net work output for the regenerative cycle is about 10 percent
lower than the standard Rankine cycle based on a unit of mass entering the turbine at
the highest pressure.
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Below is a plot of cycle thermal efficiency versus the open feedwater heater pressure.
The feedwater heater pressure that makes the cycle thermal efficiency a maximum is
about 400 kPa.
th vs OFWH Pre s s ure
0.376
0.374
0.372
0.370
th 0.368
0.366
0.364
0.362
0.360
0 450 900 1350 1800 2250
P ofw h [kPa]
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Below is a plot of cycle net work per unit mass flow at state 5 and the fraction of mass
y extracted for the feedwater heater versus the open feedwater heater pressure.
Clearly the net cycle work decreases and the fraction of mass extracted increases
with increasing extraction pressure. Why does the fraction of mass extracted
increase with increasing extraction pressure?
w ne t and y v s OFWH Pre s s ure
1 2 00 0.2 5
0.2 3
1 1 50
0.2 0
1 1 00 0.1 8
0.1 5
w ne t kJ/kg
1 0 50
0.1 3
y
1 0 00 0.1 0
0.0 8
9 50
0.0 5
9 00 0.0 3
0 450 90 0 13 5 0 1 8 00 22 5 0
P o fw h [kPa]
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Placement of Feedwater Heaters
The extraction pressures for multiple feedwater heaters are chosen to maximize the
cycle efficiency. As a rule of thumb, the extraction pressures for the feedwater
heaters are chosen such that the saturation temperature difference between each
component is about the same.
Tcond to FWH Tboiler to FWH , etc.
Example 10-4
An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at
3 MPa, 500oC, and exhausts at 10 kPa. Two closed feedwater heaters are to be
used. Select starting values for the feedwater heater extraction pressures.
Steam
400
T [C]
300
3000 kPa
233.9 C 815 kPa
200 C
136.2 kPa
C
100
C
45.85 C
45.8
10 kPa
1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
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s [kJ/kg-K]
Deviation from Actual Cycles
•Piping losses--frictional effects reduce the available energy content of the steam.
•Turbine losses--turbine isentropic (or adiabatic) efficiency.
T P3
3
P4
4a
4s
wactual h3 h4 a
turb
wisentropic h3 h4 s
The actual enthalpy at the turbine exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next
component) is
h4 a h3 turb (h3 h4 s )
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•Pump losses--pump isentropic (or adiabatic) efficiency.
2a
T 2s P2
P1
1
s
wisentropic h2 s h1
pump
wactual h2 a h1
The actual enthalpy at the pump exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next
component) is
1
h2 a h1 (h2 s h1 )
pump
•Condenser losses--relatively small losses that result from cooling the condensate
below the saturation temperature in the condenser.
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The following examples you should try on your own.
Regenerative Feedwater Heater problem
Consider an ideal steam regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters, one
closed and one open. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500 C and
exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.7
MPa for the closed feedwater heater and 0.3 MPa for the open one. The extracted
steam leaves the closed feedwater heater and is subsequently throttled to the
open feedwater heater. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to
saturation lines, and using only the data presented in the data tables given below
determine
a) the fraction of steam leaving the boiler that is extracted at 0.3 MPa z=0.1425
b) the fraction of steam leaving the boiler that is extracted at 0.7 MPa y=0.06213
c) the heat transfer from the condenser per unit mass leaving the boiler q_out=1509
kJ/kg
d) the heat transfer to the boiler per unit mass leaving the boiler q_in=2677 kJ/kg
e) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 250 MW
m_dot=214.1 kg/s
f) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Eta_th=0.4363
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Cogeneration Plant
a) the heat transfer from the process heater per unit mass leaving the boiler
Qdot,process = 15,774 kW.
b) the net power produced by the cycle. Wdot,net = 32,848 kW.
c) the utilization factor of the plant Qdot,in = 92,753 kW, Utilization factor = 52.4%.
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39
Combined Gas-Steam Power Cycle
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