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FKB 23302: Engineering Mathematics 3: Madam Azniah Ghulam B002

This document provides information about sequences and series in mathematics. It defines what a sequence and series are, provides examples of each, and discusses topics like the sigma notation used for series, partial sums, arithmetic progressions, and formulas for calculating the sum of arithmetic progressions. Formulas are given for finding the nth term of a sequence, the partial sum of a series, and the total sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression. Examples are included to demonstrate how to apply these formulas.

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61 views31 pages

FKB 23302: Engineering Mathematics 3: Madam Azniah Ghulam B002

This document provides information about sequences and series in mathematics. It defines what a sequence and series are, provides examples of each, and discusses topics like the sigma notation used for series, partial sums, arithmetic progressions, and formulas for calculating the sum of arithmetic progressions. Formulas are given for finding the nth term of a sequence, the partial sum of a series, and the total sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression. Examples are included to demonstrate how to apply these formulas.

Uploaded by

krozom
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FKB 23302 : ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS 3

MADAM AZNIAH GHULAM

B002
IMPORTANT DATELINES
ADD SUBJECT : 26 JULY 2010

DROP SUBJECT : 13 AUGUST 2010

WITHDRAW SUBJECT :
24 SEPTEMBER 2010
TESTS
TEST 1 : 22 AUGUST 2010

TOPICS : WEEK 1 – WEEK 4

TEST 2 : 10 OCTOBER 2010

TOPICS : WEEK 5 – WEEK 10


INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENCE
AND SERIES ( 1 )
SEQUENCE

A sequence is a list of numbers in


a defined order with a rule
(formula) for obtaining the terms.
For example a n  3n  5

is called a sequence notation (formula).


To obtain the first six terms, then
The sequence becomes
EXAMPLES OF A SEQUENCE

1 term, T1
st nth term, Tn

a) 1 , 3 , 5 , 7, 9, …… , 2n - 1

b) 1 , 2 , 4 , 8, 16 , 32 , …… , 2n
SERIES
A series is a sum of a sequence, that
is when the terms of a sequence are
added, a series is formed.
THE SIGMA NOTATION
upper limit
6
Greek letter
Sigma

n 1
4n formula

lower limit
index
EXAMPLE 1
6
Evaluate n
n 1
3

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
 1  8  27  64  125  216
 441
EXAMPLES OF A SERIES

a) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + …… + n2

3
b) 2 + 9 + 28 + 65 + …… + n 1
Sequences and series may be

a) finite
b) infinite
e. g. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . .
1+3+5+7+9+...
Infinite Series

Infinity 

 5n
symbol 2

n 1
NOTE
A finite series, when written out,
should always end with the last term
even if several intermediate terms are
omitted.
The subscript is referred to as the
index of the term. The index of the term
is a positive integer.
EXAMPLE 2

Determine the general formula for


the nth term of the sequence

1, -2, 4, -8, 16, . . .

a n    2
n 1
RECURSIVE SEQUENCE

Another way to specify the terms


of a sequence is using a recursive
definition.
In a recursive definition, the first
term or so is given. Then a formula
is given describing how to generate
other terms of the sequence from
terms already known.
For example,
a1 = 2
an+1 = 3an – 1

recursively defines the sequence

2, 5, 14, 41, 122, . . .


 
SUM OF A SERIES
Given the infinite series a1 + a2 + a3 + . . .,
define the partial sums as
 
S1 = a1
S2 = a1 + a2
S3 = a1 + a2 + a3
.
.
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + an
 
EXAMPLE 3
10
Find S6 for 
n 1
2
2n  1
S 6  a1  a 2  a3  a 4  a5  a 6

    
S 6  21  1  2 2  1  2 3   1
2 2 2


 2 4   1  2 5   1  2 6   1
2 2 2

 3  9  19  33  51  73
 188
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

An arithmetic progression ( AP ) is a
sequence in which any term differs
from the proceeding term by a
constant, called a common difference
( d ). The common difference may be
either positive or negative.
RULE FOR AN ARITHMETIC
SEQUENCE

a n  a1   n  1 d
The first term Common difference
The nth term

The number of terms


EXAMPLE 4
Determine the formula for the
given sequence and a25 for

48 , 53 , 58 , 63 , …
a n  a1   n  1 d
 48   n  1 53  48 
 48  5 n  1
 43  5n
a 25  43  5 25 
 43  125
 168
THE SUM OF AN AP
The sum of the first n terms ( Sn )
of an AP, having the last term l
and a common difference d, is
given by the formula
n
S n   a1  l  or
2

n
S n   2a1   n  1 d 
2
EXAMPLE 5
Determine the sum of the first
fifty terms of the given series

34  45  56  67  78  ...
n
S n   2a1   n  1 d 
2
50
S 50   2 34    50  1 45  34  
2
 25 68  539

 15175

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