Introduction to Power Electronics

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao

Department
of
Electronics & Communication Engineering
M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 References for further information
• SCR GE Manual
• Semiconductor Controlled Rectifiers by F.E. Gentry,
& others.
• Power Electronics by Ram Shaw.
• Inverters by Bed Ford & Hoft.
• Power Electronics by Sameer K Datta.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Course Coverage
Introduction to Power Prof. MMR,
Electronics, Power MSRIT
Semiconductor Devices &
Control Characteristics, Types of
Power Converters &
Applications.
Power Transistors & Smt. Lakshmi,
Thyristors. MSRIT

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Course Coverage
AC Voltage Controllers & Prof. MMR, MSRIT
Controlled Rectifiers.

Commutation Techniques & Prof. T.K.A, MSRIT

DC Choppers

Inverters Prof. MMR & T.K.A,

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power
• Electrical Power Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
Electronics
• Deals with the study of power semiconductor
switching devices and their V-I characteristics.
• Electronic circuits using these power devices for
power conversion and output power control for
Various applications.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 5
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 History of Power Electronics
• Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).
• Metal tank rectifier.
• Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.
• Ignitron, Phanatron, Thyratron
• SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
- The 1st Thyristor developed by Bell labs in 1956.
1st Commercial grade SCR developed by
“ General Electric Co. “ in 1958.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Electronic Applications
Commercial Applications Domestic Applications
• Air conditioners • Cooking equipments.
• Central refrigeration. • Lighting & heating ckts.
• UPS • Air conditioners.
• Elevators • Refrigerators.
• Emergency lamps • Freezers.
• Heating systems • Personal Computers.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Electronic Applications
Telecommunications Transportation
• Battery chargers. • Traction control of
• DC power supply & electric vehicles.
UPS • Battery chargers for
• Mobile cell phone electric vehicles.
battery chargers. • Electric locomotives.
• Street cars & trolley
buses.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Electronic Applications
Utility Systems
• High voltage DC transmissions (HVDC).
• Static VAR compensation.
• Fuel cells.
• Energy storage systems
• Boiler feed water systems.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Devices
• Power Diode
• Power BJT
• Power MOSFET
• IGBT
• Thyristor (SCR)

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 11
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications of Power Devices

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 12

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Diode

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Diode Characteristics

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Comparison between different types of
Diodes
General Purpose Fast Recovery Schottky Diodes
Diodes Diodes
Upto 6000V & Upto 6000V and Upto 100V and
3500A 1100A 300A
Reverse recovery Reverse recovery Reverse recovery
time – High time – Low time – Extremely
low.
trr  25 s trr  0.1 s to 5 s trr  a few nano sec

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
General Purpose Fast Recovery Schottky Diodes
Diodes Diodes
Turn off time – High Turn off time – Low Turn off time –
Extremely low
Switching frequency Switching frequency Switching frequency
– Low – High – Very high.
(Max 1KHz) (Max 20KHz) (Max 30KHz)
VF  0.7 to 1.2V VF  0.8 to 1.5V VF  0.4 to 0.6V

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 BJT

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 BJT Characteristics

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 BJT Switching Times

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 MOSFET

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 n-channel Enhancement MOSFET
Characteristics
L in e a r S a tu ra tio n
re g io n re g io n
V G S3

ID V G S2

V G S1

Drain Characteristics

V D S
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 21
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Transfer Characteristics

ID

V T
V G S

VT  VGS  TH   Gate source threshold voltage

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 n-channel Depletion MOSFET
D ID

G
V D S

+ +
V G S S
 

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Drain Characteristics
L in e a r S a tu ra tio n
re g io n re g io n
V G S3

ID V G S2

V G S1

V D S

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET

ID SS

ID

V G S (O F F )
V G S

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Switching
V
Times of MOSFET
G

V 1

V 1
V G SP

V T

tr
td(o n) t d (o ff) t f

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Semiconductor Cross-section of IGBT

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 IGBT

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Characteristics of IGBT
CM 400HA-24H
800
V = 15V 12
GE

640 Output collector characteristics

480
IC
AM PS V GE = 10V
320
V GE = 9V

160 8
V GE = 7V

0 2 4 6 8 10
V CE ( V o lt s )
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 29
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Transfer Characteristics of IGBT
800
V CE= 1 0 V
640

480
IC T j= 2 5 C
0

AM PS
320
T j= 1 2 5 0 C
160

V GE

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

V G E(TH )
IC V s V GE C h a r a c t e r is t ic s

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Advantages of IGBT
• Combines the advantages of BJT & MOSFET
• High input impedance like MOSFET
• Voltage controlled device like MOSFET
• Simple gate drive, Lower switching loss
• Low on state conduction power loss like BJT
• Higher current capability & higher switching speed
than a BJT. ( Switching speed lower than MOSFET)

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications of IGBT
• ac and dc motor controls.
• General purpose inverters.
• Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS).
• Welding Equipments.
• Numerical control, Cutting tools.
• Robotics & Induction heating.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Power Semiconductor Devices, their
Symbols & Characteristics

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 DEVICE SYMBOLS &
CHARACTERISTICS

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 35
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Control Characteristics of Power
Devices

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 37
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 38
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 39
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Comparison between different
commonly used Thyristors
• Line Commutated Thyristors available up to 6000V,
4500A.
• Ex: Converter grade (line commutated) SCR.
• V / I rating: 5KV / 5000A
• Max. Frequency: 60Hz.
• Switching time: 100 to 400sec.
• On state resistance: 0.45m.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Example of Inverter Grade Thyristor
Ratings
• V / I rating: 4500V / 3000A.
• Max. Frequency: 20KHz.
• Switching time: 20 to 100sec.
• On state resistance: 0.5m.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Example of Triac Ratings

• Used in heat / light control, ac motor control

circuit
• V / I rating: 1200V / 300A.
• Max. Frequency: 400Hz.
• Switching time: 200 to 400sec.
• On state resistance: 3.6m.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Example of Power Transistor Ratings

• PT ratings go up to 1200V / 400A.

• PT normally operated as a switch in CE config.
• Max. Frequency: 400Hz.
• Switching time: 200 to 400sec.
• On state resistance: 3.6m.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 43

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Example of Power MOSFET Ratings

• Used in high speed power converters like inverters &

choppers.
• Ratings up to 1000V / 100A.
• Example: MOSFET 800V / 7.5A rating.
• Max. Frequency: 100KHz.
• Switching time: 1.6sec.
• On state resistance: 1.2m.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Example of IGBT Ratings

• Used in high voltage / current & high frequency

switching power applications (Inverters, SMPS).
• Example: IGBT 2500V / 2400A.
• Max. Frequency: 20KHz.
• Switching time: 5 to sec.
• On state resistance: 2.3m.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Thyristorised Power Controllers

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Thyristorised Power Converter
T h y r is t o r is e d
Pow er Pow er Load
S o u rce C o n t r o lle r s E q u ip m e n t

To m e a s u r e
v o lt a g e , c u rr e n t ,
s p e e d , t e m p e ra t u r e

C o n tro l M e a s u r in g
C om m a nd U n it U n it
In p u t

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Advantages
 Easy and flexibility in operation due to digital
controls.
 Faster dynamic response compared to the electro
mechanical converters.
 Lower acoustic noise when compared to electro
magnetic controllers, relays and contactors.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 High efficiency due to low losses in the
Thyristors.
 Long life and reduced/minimal maintenance
due to the absence of mechanical wear.
 Control equipments using Thyristors are
compact in size.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Disadvantages
• Generate unwanted harmonics.
• Harmonics are injected into power supply lines
affecting the performance of other loads and
equipments.
• Unwanted interference with communication
circuits due to electromagnetic radiation.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
• Special protection circuits must be used to
protect the thyristor devices.
• Thyristors must be rated for maximum loading
conditions.
• Special steps are to be taken for correcting line
supply power factor.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Different types of Power Converters

• Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

• Line commutated converters or AC to DC
converters (controlled rectifiers).
• AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC to
AC converters).

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
• Cyclo converters (AC to AC converters at low
output frequency).
• DC choppers (DC to DC converters).
• Inverters (DC to AC converters).

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 53

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 AC to DC Converter
+
AC L in e D C O u tp u t
In p u t C o m m u ta te d V 0 (Q C )
V o lt a g e C o n v e rt e r
-

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency)

Type of output: DC voltage (variable)

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 54

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 55
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 56
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications
• Speed control of DC motor in DC drives.
• UPS.
• HVDC transmission.
• Battery Chargers.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 57

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 AC Voltage Regulators
V 0 (R M S )
AC Vs AC V a ria b le A C
In p u t V o lt a g e R M S O / P V o lt a g e
V o lt a g e fs C o n t ro lle r
fs fS

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency).

Type of output: Variable AC RMS O/P voltage.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 58

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 59
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications
• Speed control of ac motors.
• Speed control of fans (domestic and industrial
fans).
• AC pumps.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Cyclo Converters
V 0 , f0
AC Vs V a ria b le F re q u e n c y
In p u t C y c lo
C o n v e rt e r s A C O u tp u t
V o lt a g e fs
f0 < fS

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency).

Type of output: Variable frequency ac O/P voltage.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 61

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications
• Traction vehicles
• Gearless rotary kilns.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 DC Choppers
+ V 0 (d c )
• +
DC V a r ia b le D C
Vs O u t p u t V o lt a g e
- C hoppe r

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: Variable DC voltage.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 63

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
•

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 64

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications
• Speed control of DC motors from a DC supply.
• DC drives for sub-urban traction.
• Switching power supplies.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 65

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Inverters
•
+ In v e rt e r
DC AC
S u p p ly ( F o rc e d O u t p u t V o lt a g e
- C o m m u t a t io n )

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: AC O/P voltage.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 66

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
•

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 67

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Applications
• Industrial AC drives using induction and
synchronous motors.
• Uninterrupted power supplies (UPS system)
used for computers, computer labs.

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Peripheral Effects
•

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Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
• Induced current and voltage harmonic into
supply system, and at the output of the
converters.
• Distortion in the output voltage.
• Unwanted electromagnetic radiation.
• Interference with communication circuits.

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 70

70
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
 Thank you….

Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 71

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT